مطالب

One of the functions of environmental sociology is the creation and development of socio-environmental concepts. “Environmental socialization” is one such concept, addressing which can offer valuable insights for future research, policymaking, and intervention strategies. Accordingly, this article aims first to explore the meaning and conceptual dimensions of environmental socialization as thoroughly as possible, and second to identify the contexts influencing it through a review of the theoretical literature and empirical studies in the field. This research employs a document-based method using content analysis of relevant texts. In terms of data collection, it is a library-based study, and in terms of data analysis, it falls within the category of qualitative content research. Based on the most prominent and recurrent themes found in expert definitions of the broader concept of "socialization," “environmental socialization” can be defined as the process of learning and internalizing environmental attitudes and awareness, and their behavioral manifestation in everyday life. Furthermore, drawing on themes derived from empirical research, the primary contexts in which environmental socialization occurs include residential environments, family, peer groups, educational settings, and media.

Systemic risk is a type of financial instability that disrupts the functioning of the financial system and affects economic growth. The present study was developed with the aim of presenting a systemic risk warning model based on the entropy criterion in the financial markets of Iran. In terms of direction, the present research is of applied type and in terms of explanatory purpose, and the data collection method is library method. The statistical population of the country's financial markets research includes the capital market, money market, etc., and the time frame of this research is the data related to variables affecting systemic risk in the years 1998 to 2022. In this research, firstly, the identified criteria and indicators affecting systemic risk were ranked using Shannon entropy, Rennie entropy, and Tsallis entropy, and then systemic risk was measured with the MES criterion. The results of this research show that the most systemic risk is caused by the variable of banks' debt to the central bank, and the two variables of government debt and the ratio of government debt to GDP also have the highest systemic risk. According to the general theory of systems and the effectiveness and influence of financial markets on each other, the government and policy makers of the economic and financial sectors must take the necessary measures in order to create a systemic supervisory institution.

Tax fraud is the legal minimization of tax liability through appropriate financial planning techniques, which often involve techniques, accounting methods, and fraudulent transactions, and pursue little or no purpose other than creating a tax advantage. There is no doubt that tax fraud is a legal way to reduce the amount of tax, and individuals with different personality traits can take dissimilar procedures to reduce the amount of tax. In this study, the impact of personality traits on tax fraud concerning gender (male and female) and type of firm (listed and non-listed) is investigated. The statistical population of the study includes all financial managers of listed and non-listed firms in 2020 who are not exempt from taxes. Information about personality traits was collected through a questionnaire and SPSS software version 21 was used to test the hypotheses. The results suggest that the personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, flexibility (openness to experience), and agreement have a positive and significant effect on tax fraud. In contrast, the personality trait of conscientiousness has a negative effect on tax fraud. This effect was also observed in both male and female financial managers. The results also indicate that the effect of personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, and agreement on tax fraud in the managers of listed firms is positive and the effect of personality traits of flexibility (openness to experience) and conscientious is negative on tax fraud, but the effect of personality trait of neuroticism is negative and the effect of flexibility (openness to experience) on tax fraud in listed firms is not statistically significant. In non-stock firms, personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, flexibility (openness to experience), and agreement have a positive and significant effect on tax fraud, and the personality trait of conscientiousness has a negative effect on tax fraud.

Given the increasing prevalence of online learning and the absence of a validated instrument for assessing the critical writing skills of Iranian EFL learners in Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) contexts, this study aimed to develop and validate an analytic rubric to enhance critical writing in CMC environments. The participants were 236 EFL students and 10 EFL/ESL teachers, representing a diverse range of demographics, experiences, and qualifications. The rubric development process was guided by a comprehensive literature review, the administration of a critical thinking questionnaire, expert feedback, thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews, integration of Paul and Elder’s (2019) Intellectual Standards, and the development and application of a Likert-scale critical writing questionnaire. Subsequent pilot testing facilitated refinements based on feedback. Accordingly, the finalized analytic rubric featured four principal components: (1) Clarity, Accuracy, and Precision (CAP); (2) Relevance and Logic (RL); (3) Depth and Significance (DS); and (4) Breadth and Fairness (BF). A rigorous validation process, including expert evaluation, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM), confirmed the rubric's reliability and validity. The findings demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. This study offers valuable pedagogical implications for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers, learners, researchers, and curriculum developers.

This article examines digital transformation in the construction industry, which begins with adopting digital technologies and culminates in comprehensive organizational change. The diverse and often conflicting conceptualizations in this field have created ambiguity in the theoretical framework of digi-tal transformation in construction. Using topic modeling and pattern analysis, this study identifies key themes and trends in the domain. The article analyzes 1,308 articles published between 1990 and 2023 to review research areas related to digital transformation in the construction industry. It identifies six main topics: Security & Safety, Organization & Project Management, Digital Simulation & Interaction, Sustainability, Innovative Building Materials, and Dynamic Monitoring Methods. The analysis reveals that Organization & Project Management is the most researched topic, while Sustainability receives the least attention. The article offers recommendations for advancing research in this field and serves as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners interested in digital transformation in construction. By addressing existing criticisms, it provides a clear map of the field’s structure and trends, comple-menting previous qualitative studies with a broader, more structured, and objective analysis.

Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the role of self-esteem in marital relationships, examining how self-esteem influences marital satisfaction, communication, and overall relationship dynamics. Methods: This research utilizes a descriptive analytical narrative review approach. Data were collected from valid scientific databases, including both Persian and English sources such as Google Scholar, PubMed, SID, Magiran, and IranDoc. The inclusion criteria focused on peer-reviewed studies that examined the link between self-esteem and marital relationships. A qualitative content analysis was conducted to identify key themes, patterns, and differences across the literature. Findings: The analysis reveals that self-esteem is a critical factor in marital satisfaction, with individuals possessing higher self-esteem experiencing more fulfilling and stable relationships. Self-esteem also plays a significant role in improving communication between couples, reducing marital conflicts, and enhancing emotional intimacy. Furthermore, the review highlights a reciprocal relationship between self-esteem and sexual satisfaction, where individuals with higher sexual self-esteem demonstrate better marital functioning. Cross-cultural comparisons between Persian and English literature suggest similar themes but also reveal cultural nuances in the perception and role of self-esteem within marriages. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of self-esteem in marital relationships, suggesting that higher self-esteem leads to better marital satisfaction, improved communication, and reduced conflicts. Interventions aimed at boosting self-esteem, particularly among women, could have a positive impact on marital dynamics and overall family well-being. The study calls for greater attention from family counselors and institutions to promote self-esteem through workshops and educational programs, ultimately contributing to happier and more stable marriages.

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based acceptance training package on the attitude of mothers of children with ASD. Methods: This quasi-experimental study used a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of mothers of children with ASD attending the Special Children’s Clinic at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran. Using convenient sampling, 30 mothers were selected. These mothers were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group, with 15 participants in each group. The experimental group received the 12-session, 120-minute mindfulness-based acceptance training package, while no intervention was applied to the control group. Both groups completed the Parent Attitude Toward Special Needs Children Scale (Gonder, 2002) before and after the intervention. Data analysis was conducted using the covariance matrix analysis method in SPSS version 27. Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group, which received the mindfulness-based acceptance training package, and the control group in terms of overall attitude (p < 0.001). The effect of the intervention was also stable at the follow-up stage (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that a mindfulness-based acceptance training package can foster a positive attitude in mothers of children with ASD. Therefore, this training package can be utilized to promote a positive attitude among mothers of children with ASD.

Objective: The present study aimed to explain the structural model of marital satisfaction based on spirituality with the mediating role of happiness in married women. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational of the structural equation modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population included all married women employed in schools in Tehran. The total number was 41,656 in the 2022–2023 academic year. The sample size was calculated based on the PLS method proposed by Barclay et al. (1995), which required a minimum of 70 participants. However, due to the potential risk of participant attrition, a larger sample of approximately 120 individuals was examined. The sampling method used in this study was convenience sampling. The measurement instruments included the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989), the Parsian and Dunning Spirituality Questionnaire (2009), and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (1989). The assumptions were analyzed using SPSS 26 and SMART-PLS statistical software. Findings: The results of this study indicated that the structural model of marital satisfaction based on spirituality, with happiness as a mediator, demonstrated a good and acceptable fit, with a significance level of 0.05. Therefore, it is predicted that the structural model of marital satisfaction based on spirituality with the mediating role of happiness applies to married women. Consequently, spirituality, mediated by happiness, enhances marital satisfaction. Conclusion: Thus, by increasing the level of spirituality among couples, with happiness as a mediator, a higher level of marital satisfaction can be anticipated.

Objective: This study aimed to explore how humor functions as a coping mechanism that contributes to marital satisfaction among couples in Slovenia. Methods and Materials: A qualitative design was employed, relying on semi-structured interviews to capture couples’ lived experiences of humor in marriage. Twenty-four participants (12 couples) from Slovenia, married for at least three years, were recruited using purposive sampling. Interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved, with each session lasting between 60 and 90 minutes. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically using NVivo 14 software. Trustworthiness was enhanced through peer debriefing, member checking, and triangulation with field notes. Findings: Four major themes emerged from the data: (1) Humor as an Emotional Buffer, where couples described humor as a strategy for stress relief, emotional recovery, and conflict de-escalation; (2) Humor and Intimacy, highlighting the role of shared jokes, playful teasing, and affectionate humor in strengthening closeness and trust; (3) Humor as a Communication Strategy, with participants explaining how humor allowed them to soften criticism, indirectly express sensitive issues, and repair conflicts; and (4) Humor and Marital Resilience, where humor facilitated coping with external stressors, fostered perspective-taking, and sustained hope during challenges such as illness or financial strain. Couples reported that affiliative and self-enhancing humor styles were most beneficial, while aggressive humor could undermine satisfaction. Humor was also noted as increasingly expressed through digital interactions, including memes and messaging. Conclusion: The findings suggest that humor is a multidimensional coping resource in marriage, functioning simultaneously as an emotional, relational, communicative, and resilience-enhancing tool. While humor generally promotes marital satisfaction, its effects depend on style and context. These insights highlight the importance of constructive humor in maintaining healthy, satisfying, and enduring marital relationships.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the core components of collective coping in families managing the challenges of chronic illness, focusing on how emotional, relational, and social processes interact to sustain resilience. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured interviews with 20 family members of patients living with chronic illness in Ireland. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling to ensure variation in roles, including spouses, parents, adult children, and siblings. Interviews were conducted either face-to-face or via secure online platforms, with each lasting between 60 and 90 minutes. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Transcripts were analyzed thematically using NVivo software version 14, following an iterative coding process of open coding, categorization, and theme development. Reflexivity and peer debriefing were used to enhance credibility and trustworthiness. Findings: Four overarching themes emerged, each encompassing multiple subthemes. Emotional solidarity captured shared emotional expression, empathic support, hope maintenance, anxiety management, and the protection of vulnerable members. Collaborative problem-solving included shared decision-making, role and task distribution, resource pooling, adaptive planning, and conflict resolution. Meaning-making and resilience reflected reframing illness as a shared challenge, strengthening family identity, engaging in collective spiritual practices, and narrative sharing. External support and community connection encompassed reliance on social networks, healthcare partnerships, institutional support, peer networks, and advocacy. Collectively, these themes highlighted coping as a relational and communal process rather than an individual endeavor. Conclusion: The findings underscore that coping with chronic illness within families is fundamentally collective, rooted in shared appraisals, collaboration, and external resource integration. Recognizing these dynamics offers valuable insights for healthcare professionals and policy makers seeking to design family-centered interventions that enhance resilience and well-being.