درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The purpose of this research is to investigate the architectural index elements in local and Jame Mosques. “Mosque” is an allusion to a place of worship, which should be able to induce a sense of worship in its audience. The forms and roles in the building are the shapes that are influenced by the content and affect the human sensory perception and are directly related to people's beliefs and religion. Therefore, the main issue in its design is the suitability of the architecture of the mosques with their dignity and functional content. When Islam emerged, there was no idea of the principles of building a mosque and the only pattern was the Prophet's house. Iranian architectural styles have changed and evolved during different periods of history, in accordance with governments, religions and beliefs, and with the arrival of Islam, the Iranian architectural style underwent many changes. In general, several prominent elements are used in the architecture of the mosque: the courtyard, the porch, the shrine, the mihrab, the dome and the minaret. However, some mosques lack elements or some have several elements of the same element. So, in this research, by examining the historical (local and Jame) mosques of Zanjan, their architectural index elements which are unknown aspects of this research, as well as to determine the factors influencing the design of these mosques that take the ambiguous dimension of the research, it was revealed through library studies and the descriptive/analytical method of existing documents and research.

Based on conducted studies, lighting in Iranian architecture is one of the fundamental and essential features, with skylights playing a crucial role as a primary architectural element. Architecture in different regions is adjusted according to climatic conditions to maximize comfort while also considering the use of local materials. Given this, the design and placement of lighting elements can vary based on geographic location. The aim of this research is to examine the skylights in Qajar-era houses in Kerman and to explore the relationship between climate and regional architecture, considering both lighting and temperature factors simultaneously. Thus, the research questions are as follows: What are the characteristics of the windows in the historical houses of Kerman? Was natural light considered a key element in Kerman’s houses? Were the variety of windows in these historical homes adjusted based on climatic conditions? To achieve this goal, we studied four Qajar-era houses in Kerman: Azimi House, Kazemi House, Dinyar House, and Vaziri House. The research method is applied in nature and employs a descriptive and correlational approach for data collection, utilizing both field studies and library resources. By measuring the skylights and analyzing their design and positioning, we concluded that in desert regions, skylights are designed with small dimensions and colored glass to not only prevent direct sunlight but also regulate the lighting of the space. Additionally, these skylights are placed one meter above the floor and with a depth of less than 10 meters, providing both aesthetic appeal and environmental comfort.

Saqqakhaneh which is a non-profit building of the Islamic era, which were built in accordance with religious beliefs and values ​​in public streets to quench the thirst and remind the event of the Karbala desert. In most Iranian cities, Saqqakhanehs play a significant role and should be considered a "socio-religious phenomenon" rooted in the ancient Iranian culture of the sanctity of water and is intertwined with Shia beliefs about the Karbala incident. The first Saqqakhanehs in Iran were built during the Safavid era when Shia became the official religion. Oldest Saqqakhaneh belongs to this period. Historically, Saqqakhanehs were an important part of urban spaces, usually constructed in crowded areas like mosques or as standalone buildings in alleys and markets. Today, there are over 290 Saqqakhanehs in Tehran, though only a few remain. Sangalaj neighborhood is one of the neighborhoods of the Tehran Municipality, which has a part of the historical body of this city during the Safavid and Nasrid eras, and it was the most important neighborhood of old Tehran after Auladjan and Bazar neighborhoods. This study examines the sacred elements of water and fire in Saqqakhanehs, the factors that influenced their formation, architectural features, functions, and customs. By analyzing some of Sanglaj's old Saqqakhanehs, particularly the Karbalaee Abbasali Saqqakhaneh, one of the oldest from the Qajar period, we aim to uncover architectural features and historical mysteries. This study utilizes descriptive-analytical methods, library research, and field studies to explore existing documents and research .

This paper investigates the role of Zen philosophy, as derived from haiku poetry, in the architectural design process. It explores the nature of Zen, its unique perspective on art and literature, and how this perspective is reflected in architectural design processes. The paper also examines how the creation of architectural spaces can be integrated with the poetry and (haiku) influenced by this philosophy. This research seeks to answer the question of how Zen thought can be applied in architectural design through the utilization of haiku poetry. A descriptive-analytical approach, combining inductive and deductive reasoning, is employed. Initially, Zen theories based on haiku are deductively applied to case studies. Subsequently, Zen architectural theories based on haiku are extracted from these case studies. Finally, the results are obtained by combining inductive and deductive methods. This paper aims to introduce haiku, elucidate the role of Zen philosophy in haiku poetry, and explore the influence of Japanese Buddhism on the architectural design process. The result of this research reveal that haiku is the product of immediate, intuitive experience and cannot be evaluated based on conventional poetic criteria. Haiku is a form of enlightenment or illumination, in which the poet perceives the vitality of objects and grasps the meaning of the ordinary and commonplace. Haiku poetry presents viewers with perspectives on nature, humanity, and life. By integrating literary concepts into the architectural design process, haiku can serve as a powerful cultural and artistic medium, fostering audience engagement with literature and cultivating a unique, philosophical understanding of phenomena.

The preservation of invaluable cultural heritage assets, including ancient artifacts and historical sites, remains a critical global concern. Existing perimeter protection methods, such as CCTV systems, infrared sensors, and conventional surveillance technologies, often exhibit significant limitations in terms of spatial coverage, sensitivity to subtle intrusions, and adaptability to varying environmental conditions. This paper presents an innovative and highly effective solution utilizing fiber optic sensor (FOS) technology, which offers numerous advantages, including lightweight construction, immunity to electromagnetic interference, ease of installation, high sensitivity, and reliable performance across a broad range of applications. Specifically, the study introduces novel designs for distributed acoustic FOS systems based on Michelson, Mach-Zehnder, and Sagnac interferometric configurations. Through comprehensive theoretical analysis, simulation modeling, and experimental validation, the research explores their practical utility in protecting cultural heritage. Two detailed case studies—focused on the Louvre Museum in France and the ancient archaeological site of Persepolis in Iran—demonstrate the implementation, functionality, and real-world efficacy of the proposed systems. The findings highlight how these FOS networks, particularly when combined with advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, can effectively detect, classify, and localize human-induced acoustic disturbances such as walking or digging, while minimizing false alarms caused by environmental noise. This enhanced discrimination capability not only improves overall security but also significantly reduces the need for extensive human surveillance. Moreover, these systems enable precise, continuous, and real-time 24-hour monitoring over vast indoor and outdoor areas. In conclusion, the integration of FOS technology offers a scalable, intelligent, and transformative approach to addressing the complex and evolving challenges associated with the long-term preservation and protection of cultural heritage sites around the world.