درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Face masks are crucial for preventing respiratory diseases; however, limited research has examined their specific effects on children’s exercise performance, particularly in terms of physiological and perceptual responses at different exercise intensities. Aim: This study examines the effects of N-95 and surgical masks on children’s physiological and perceptual responses during exercise at varying intensities. Martials and Methods: Twenty healthy children (age, 11.23 ± 0.59 years) performed in three 6-minute phases of a treadmill protocol at 25%, 50%, and 75% of maximal oxygen uptake, while wearing an N-95 mask, a surgical mask, or no mask. Physiological measurements (heart rate, blood lactate, oxygen saturation) and perceptual measurements (rate of perceived exertion, discomfort) were assessed. Results: HR, PRE, and BLa increased with intensity (p ≥ 0.001), with N-95 masks showing the highest HR and BLa compared to surgical masks and no masks at high intensity. SpO2 decreased significantly with N-95 masks at moderate (p=0.018) and high intensities (p=0.008). Discomfort, especially in breath resistance and fatigue, was greater with N-95 masks. Conclusion: Face masks, particularly N-95, significantly increase cardiovascular and metabolic demands during exercise, especially at higher intensities. Balancing respiratory protection with comfort is essential for safe exercise in children during public health crises

The purpose of this study was to design a model of organizational insentience (OI) of human resources (HR) in the Iraqi ministry of sports based on grounded theory through a mixed method research. The participants in the qualitative section included 15 managers and experts from the Iraqi ministry of sports, selected through purposive/snowball sampling and theoretical saturation. The sample in the quantitative section, encompassed a convenient sample of 296 managers and experts from Iraqi sports departments. The data collection tools used in this study included a set of semi-structured interviews, and a highly reliable (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.89) researcher-developed questionnaire. The analysis unveiled 123 open codes, 27 axial codes, and 6 selection codes, presented through a six-variable model, encompassing causal, contextual, and intervening factors, the axial phenomenon, strategies, and the outcomes of OI in human resources. The results included identification of the most important components such as leadership and management, organizational culture and communication, organizational structure and processes, environment and working conditions leading to OI in human resources. Additionally, to mitigate this negative complication, strategies such as enhancing motivation and fostering employee participation, improving employees' organizational identity, the researcher suggests implementing a justice-oriented organizational culture, bolstering innovation and creativity within the organization, strengthening inter-organizational cooperation, and reinforcing employee support and counseling systems.