درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Maritime terrorism is as old as its history. From ancient times to the first decade of the 21st century, perpetrators of all kinds of violence, including kidnapping, sabotage and direct attacks on targets, have inhabited the high seas as well as the wider marine environment. Terrorism at sea becomes important when a significant part of the world's trade is carried out by sea. One of the challenges of dealing with terrorism at sea and the inefficiency of the means to deal with it is found in the Convention on the Law of the Sea. Therefore, security in the seas is also considered a part of this convention; But in it, the issue of maritime terrorism is not addressed separately. Therefore, terrorist crimes in the seas and the fight against them are among the issues raised in international law, especially the international law of the seas, so that the first measures in this direction also go back to the era of the League of Nations. However, this article tries to use the descriptive and analytical research method while measuring the mechanisms of dealing with crimes in the sea territory, and examines the way of dealing with and suppressing terrorist crimes. Of course, according to the concern of coastal communities and international organizations caused by maritime terrorism, a suitable solution can be proposed, which is the participation of private companies to help fight terrorism in the sea, despite the disagreement about this approach and legal basis. It acted in international law.

In recent decades, indiscriminate whaling in the oceans as well as marine pollution have caused harmful damage to the sea environment and the marine ecosystem of the oceans. Therefore, creating an international legal system and imposing legal restrictions on whaling have become necessary. Moreover, the approval of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) and the formation of an international commission to monitor whaling in international law were considered essential. In this article, using the analytical descriptive method, The Judgment of the International Court of Justice on Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand Intervening) has been studied.The findings of this researcher indicate that since Japan did not comply with the international regulations of whaling in the Antarctic, the government of Australia instituted a proceeding against the government of Japan in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and New Zealand intervened. Considering the importance of the issue and the consequences of the ICJ's judgment on whaling and the legal implications and position of whaling in international environmental law. This article hypothesizes that the international whaling regulations and the environmental approach of states towards the concept of the common heritage of mankind and erga omnes resulting from it can become the basis for the development of international environmental rights and international judicial procedures. Moreover, this paper hypothesizes that these international rights and judicial procedures are influenced by the decisions issued by the ICJ.