درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Cet article analyse l’exequatur en France des jugements rendus par des juridictions d’États tiers à l’Union européenne en matière de protection des données personnelles, en l’absence d’accord international spécifique. En droit commun, le juge de l’exequatur applique la grille Cornelissen : compétence indirecte, conformité à l’ordre public international et absence de fraude, sans révision au fond. L’originalité du contentieux « data » tient à l’intégration, au titre de l’ordre public, des exigences européennes issues du RGPD, et surtout de son article 48, qui neutralise la reconnaissance et l’exécution des injonctions étrangères de divulgation de données faute de traité pertinent. L’étude distingue alors les décisions imposant un transfert ou une communication de données, soumises à un contrôle renforcé in concreto, et les condamnations pécuniaires, en principe exécutables, mais susceptibles d’être écartées en cas de disproportion manifeste (dommages punitifs) ou d’effet indirect de contournement du chapitre V, au détriment des droits et de la souveraineté.

Population has a direct relationship with security, especially national security. Therefore, the quality of the population and particularly its structure, including gender, age, literacy, and community structure, can significantly impact security as well as development at various geographical scales. In this regard, the present study, with a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on library and statistical sources as well as using trend analysis methods, intends to examine the population structure in the coastal regions of the Persian Gulf from the perspective of national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It seeks to answer the question: How can the population structure of the coastal regions of the Persian Gulf affect the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The results obtained from this study indicate that the demographic structure can significantly impact national security. Thus, the gender composition of the population directly impacts the forces that maintain security. Moreover, the age factor and the age pyramid of the residents determine the types of activities and the balance of the population. Additionally, the literacy component and skilled human groups affect the region's geo-economic conditions and the extent to which development is achieved. The social structure has a direct relationship with population coverage and the elimination of security gaps in the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf. According to the findings of the research, more than fifty percent of the population of the three coastal provinces of the Persian Gulf were in the age group of 20-65 years old, which shows that the resident population in these areas is made up of young people, especially people of working age and this is a good sign for establishing security and comprehensive development of these areas.