درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Throughout history, Iran has always been exposed to many natural and unnatural crises due to its geographical, economic, cultural, natural, and political characteristics, and especially its location in the strategic region of the Middle East. This study aims to investigate the position and role of the logistics capacities of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy (IRI Navy henceforth) in encountering the natural disaster crisis. The entire participants included 120 senior officers of the Deputy of Readiness and Support, the heads of readiness and support of the affiliated regions and bases, and the middle managers of the headquarters and ranks of the Readiness and Support Command of Najaf among whom 92 were selected randomly based on Krejcie and Morgan’s (19700 table. Data were collected quantitatively using researcher-made disaster management questionnaires and IRI Navy preparedness capacities. Then, the validity of the questionnaire was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha. To test the hypotheses and the accuracy of the conceptual model of the research, the structural equation modeling method using the partial least squares (PLS) method was used. Findings indicated the significance of the IRI Navy's preparedness hypotheses on managing and reducing the damage caused by the natural disaster crisis. The results showed that the component of responsibility had the highest rank and importance and the components of timeliness, information, and technology, coordination, mobile systems, efficiency, and preparedness were among the next priorities of logistics capacity in case of encountering a natural disaster crisis, respectively.

The conflict between sovereignty over parts of the sea and the necessity of "innocent passage" concept has been the most contentious field in the law of the sea." Two hypotheses in this field have collided in the history of international law of the sea. The first hypothesis is that every human possesses the seas together. "Navigation" and other operations are also allowed for all. Under the excuse of owning the sea, no state has the right to restrict other people's use. However, the second theory says that the sea is owned by someone who controls part of it, and its use can be limited. In international law, the "innocent passage" by foreign vessels from the territorial sea of a country is widely recognized. However, in some territories, the requirements for the "innocent passage" of military vessels include the need for prior notice or the coastal state's permission. Most forces, led by the US, believe in absolute freedom of the military vessel's "innocent passage." However, most Asian countries, including Iran, assume that they can prior notification or approval for a foreign military vessel passage. This activity was often resisted in operational as well as diplomatic phases by naval forces such as the United States. 

The naval conflict has undergone many changes due to environmental factors and various tools, as well as the increasing growth and development of marine technologies, aligned with the inclusion of new tools and methods in naval conflict and electronic warfare at sea. The procedure taken by countries indicates the acceptance of electronic warfare as one of the methods and tools of agreed warfare. However, from the perspective of international humanitarian law, the use of electronic warfare tools and methods is challenging, and international treaty law lacks a legal rule regarding this method of warfare. Indeed, the only guideline that has sought to regulate electronic warfare is the Air and Missile Warfare Directive, which imposes no legal requirements on governments. So the question we are going to answer in this brief is that, can humanitarian law be applied to electronic warfare? The purpose of this study is to explain and investigate the various dimensions of naval electronic warfare from the perspective of international humanitarian law, and proving that international humanitarian law can be applied to the methods and tools of electronic warfare at sea. The research method selected for the present paper is an analytical-explanatory method and the data collection method used is the library research method.

After dividing the sea as areas under the sovereignty and sovereign rights of the coastal states and High seas in  the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, and as a result of the possibility of detaining some foreign vessels violating the rules governing these areas, this convention also has rules regarding the prompt release of these vessels and how Its implementation has been stated in the judicial proceedings of the Coastal Government. In this regard, cases have been introduced in the International Tribunal of Law of the Sea, whose analysis can be considered as a judicial procedure and a secondary source of the law of the sea in development. In this article, in addition to the analysis and review of the judicial procedure and the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, Iran's internal rules have also been reviewed in this regard. This research seeks to answer the question, in addition to clarifying the various aspects of immediate release, what are the criteria for prompt release, and what are appropriate and reasonable bonds? The research method is descriptive and analytical, and materials have been prepared based on library and documentary studies.

European court of human rights was established in 1959 as an independent court of Council of Europe in order to deal with alleged violations of human rights which has been enumerated in European Convention on human rights. Obviously, protection and evolution of human rights obligations is considered as one of the most significant concerns of this court. In addition, the protection of human rights and public interest together Are required for an efficient society. As a result, European court of human rights must use a mechanism by which it can have a reasonable and balanced operation to realize these two fundamental values. In order to approach this aim, the court uses the proportionality test, consisting of three principles of legitimacy, appropriateness and necessity. Despite its efficient results for the Court, the application of this test has its deficiency in keeping a balance between human rights and public interest. This court authorized the member states to evaluate the legitimacy of an aim by themselves, however it should be the court’s task to pass three steps of proportionality test independently. This research mainly concentrates on the evaluation of the European court of human rights from the doctrine of margin of appreciation perspective.

The increase in sea traffic with commercial ships, warships, and submarines, followed by the spread of pollution of the seas in the last century, has not only led to the threat and destruction of vital resources and marine habitats but also a source of tension and conflict between units and actors. It has provided political and can be a threat to the world community. Despite Legal requirements, pollution in the seas is increasing. The sovereignty-oriented nature of marine pollution legal requirements is one of the most important reasons for governments' reluctance to implement regulations related to marine pollution because the development of rules in this field, as well as the implementation of regulations related to marine pollution, are still within the scope of governments' satisfaction. Considering the importance of protecting the marine environment, this research deals with the scope of the coastal government's competence to deal with marine pollution using a descriptive-analytical method and with the help of library data and international documents. The findings of the research show that although the instrumental use of the concept of national sovereignty has created the basis for the pollution of the seas, Recent developments in the field of international law of the sea, such as the drafting of Article 3 of the Convention on Interference in the High Seas and paragraph one of Article 218 of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, indicate the extraterritorial expansion of the jurisdiction of coastal states to deal with marine pollution, although in a limited way.

In the third millennium, the number of environmental variables and the nature of the complex relationships between them have resulted in the complexity of competition in the business. Accordingly, the role of organizational intangible capital has been more touchable than ever. Actually, as the intensity of competition increases, the importance of intangible capital enhances and the importance of physical and fixed capital decreases. Due to its geopolitical situation and the presence of extensive maritime boundaries in the north and south, Iran possesses countless strengths and opportunities to obtain maximum resources and benefits from this God-given blessing. Therefore, preservation and expansion of maritime institutions in Iran has been raised as an undeniable necessity in all short- and long-term government plans. This study aims to have policy making regarding the management of organizational intangible capital and its impact on knowledge productivity in maritime institutions of the country. Participants were the experts of Iran’s maritime organizations, which include IRI strategic Navy, the Ports and Maritime Organization, and the National Iranian Tanker Company. Standard questionnaires were employed for data collection. Results showed that focusing on intangible organizational capital in the policy making of maritime institutions can have a significant impact on knowledge productivity in them, which can lead to benefiting from national capacities in maritime studies.

Arbitration, as a method of pacific settlement of disputes, is mentioned in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations, by which parties to any dispute endeavor to find a solution to eliminate their conflict. Yet, article 33 does not include other forms of arbitrations that the United Nations System deals with. International arbitrations are generally referred to as interstate arbitration, international commercial arbitration, and international investment arbitration. Although these arbitration-based methods of international dispute settlement are different, they all observe the same goal: the settlement of disputes by peaceful means and preventing the parties from resorting to adverse behavior. Due to their common goal, it calls the role of the United Nations in promulgating international arbitrations among its member States into question: Has the UN had any bold involvement in promoting and strengthening international arbitrations in the abovementioned fields? It seems that the influence of the UN on interstate arbitration is undeniable because of its main goal and principles; however, this article depicts that the UN policy regarding international arbitrations adheres to the forming and developing international commercial arbitration and international investment arbitration rather than inter-state arbitration. The UN also plays a mediocre role in developing thematic-oriented international arbitrations.