درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Physical education schools play an important role in the physical and mental progress of students as well as having a great impact on the international success of the athletes. Therefore, the architecture and educational sport settings are of high importance. Hence, the present study was carried out with the aim of developing the educational and sport spaces of physical education schools. The current research is phenomenological based on a qualitative method. The research population consisted of academic faculty members of the art and architecture departments, sport management department; experts of constructing and equipping sport places; physical education school principals, teachers, and students. Fifteen participants were selected through a purposeful sampling. The Data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and for the final validation, the validity and reliability criteria were applied. Factors affecting the development of educational and sport places of physical education schools included 68 sub-themes classified under nine main themes: spatial diversity, space function improvement, linkage of the places, light-related factors, color-related factors, design standards, design enhancement, safety factors, and health factors. Therefore, it is essential for relevant managers to take into account the standards of construction and design of physical education schools.

Today, using new technologies is considered a vital factor in the sports tourism area. Tourist destinations try to use these technologies to create a competitive advantage to be a leader in this area. The use of these technologies brings lots of advantages. This research aims to identify the consequences of using new technologies in sports tourism. The research method is mixed with a sequential exploratory approach. In the first phase, the main indicators and components are identified using the online focus group research method, then in order to confirm them, a quantitative survey method was used. The data collection tools are semi-structured interviews collected from two focus groups including academic and executive participants related to the fields of sports management, sports tourism, and information technology. According to the research findings, 67 primary codes, 27 open codes, 13 axial codes, and 4 selective categories were extracted. In the quantitative phase of the research, all the values ​​related to the components and indicators were confirmed.  From the results of the present research, we can point out the benefits such as "smart health, smart sports tourism, green technologies, sustainable development (healthy and sustainable environment, dynamic and healthy economy, etc.), smart and sustainable sports tourism destinations" that were found to be the main advantages of using new technologies in sports tourism.

Background: Observational learning is an effective pedagogical approach that can be used as a method to improve motor skill acquisition and also a useful instrument to promote psychological variables such as self-efficacy by emphasizing the motivational aspect. Although, little research is known about the model type and the observation conditions which will optimize learning. Aim: This study aimed to clarify the effect of using a combination of ideal model-observation and self-observation on self-efficacy and learning the forehand service of table tennis. Materials and Methods: Forty females were assigned to one of four experimental groups. All groups received the same instructions concerning how to perform the task, filled out a self-efficacy questionnaire, and then performed 10 pre-test trials. The acquisition phase included six sessions. The retention test was done 72 hours after the last acquisition session. Mixed ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc tests were conducted, and one-way ANOVA was used to determine group significant differences. Results: The results indicated that observing the combination of skilled and learning models led to the highest self-efficacy for learning, compare with other experimental models. Also, significant learning of the task was shown in the acquisition phase in which the performance of all three experimental groups was clearly superior to the control group. Although in this phase there was no significant difference between the performances of two groups of combined skilled-learning and skilled. The results of the delayed retention test indicated that the performance scores of the combined skilled-learning group were significantly higher than the other three groups. Also, in this phase, the difference between the combined skilled self-observation and control or skilled groups was not significant. Conclusion: Demonstrating a skilled model is the most popular type of observational learning among the instructors and physical education teachers, it is suggested that adding a learning model to that leads to better performance and enhancing the self-efficacy.

Digital marketing provides new opportunities for sports organizations to engage their audience. The current research aims to compile the Model of Digital Marketing in Iraqi Handball based on the qualitative paradigm model which is an approch of the grounded theory (GT) methodology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants who were sport management schoolars, experts in Iraqi handball, and online marketers. The data was analyzed using three coding phases. The findings revealed 79 concepts, 23 sub-categories, and 5 categories. The results showed a comprehensive framework for digital marketing in Iraqi handball that can significantly improve the current practices. The framework highlights strategies for content creation, social media engagement, data analytics, and audience targeting that resonate with fans. Adopting this digital marketing paradigm can strengthen relationships between Iraqi handball organizations and their audience by increasing awareness of their brand, enhancing interaction with audiences, increasing income opportunities, improving fan experience, and enhancing data insights.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of sports tourism development in job creation. The study was a descriptive survey study conducted in the field. The research population consisted of professors and graduate students studying sports management, entrepreneurship, and tourism at Tehran universities. The research samples were selected through a convenience sampling approach, and finally, 190 people completed the questionnaires. The instrument used in this research was adopted from library studies and literature reviews as well as interviews with five experts. This questionnaire has 10 items for the tourism development component, three items for the direct job creation component, and three items for the indirect job creation component. The face and content validity of the final questionnaire was confirmed by eight professors of sports management, entrepreneurship, and tourism. Convergent and divergent validity and composite reliability were checked and confirmed by the PLS software. Findings indicated that sports tourism had a positive and significant effect on direct job creation and all its dimensions; additionally, sports tourism had a positive and significant effect on indirect job creation and all its dimensions. The study results demonstrate that the development of sports tourism in Iran provides a basis for increasing direct and indirect job creation and permanent, seasonal, and part-time employment.