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Pak-Iran relations are of great importance for both states. There have been some stumbling blocks in bilateral relations: India-Iran ties, Sectarianism, Jundullah, and the Taliban are all factors that have harmed relations in the post-9/11 era. However, the changing regional dynamics provide for opportunities following the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan. This research looks into the factors that did not allow the relationship to grow altogether despite the existing potential in the post-9/11 period. The growing India-Iran ties, their North-South Transport Corridor, and the Indian plan to include Chabahar in it are causing concern in Islamabad. This mistrust needs to be bridged to augment cooperation. Moreover, the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and the China-Iran comprehensive cooperation agreement are good developments for both Pakistan and Iran to turn the relationship into a closer partnership. The changing dynamics in the region provide opportunities for both the states to adopt.

Africa is of high significance for both developing and developed nations due to its geopolitical position, economic issues, cultural traditions, and the substantial number of Africans in international organizations and institutions. The Islamic Republic of Iran, driven by revolutionary objectives and national interests, cannot overlook Africa. Generally, In the discourse of the Iranian Islamic revolution, Africa is perceived as an oppressed continent under colonial influence with a significant Muslim population. However, despite being described as having a "strategic position" in Iran's foreign policy by Iranian officials, a closer examination of the peak periods of Iran-Africa interactions reveals that their engagement has remained limited. This paper aims to assess the status of Africa within the overarching foreign policy strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It seeks to address the question of Africa's place in Iran's strategic planning and development programs. It evaluating the content of “development plan” directives and the performance of Iranian governments since 1995 using post-event analysis and trend research methods. The findings indicate that despite Africa's importance; Iranian policymakers have never formulated a coherent strategy for effective presence in Africa. Consequently, Iran's policies in Africa have been more focused on "meta-political" statements, lacking both evaluative and measurable frameworks as well as enforcement guarantees. This study demonstrates that Iran's policies in Africa have been driven by the motivations of ambassadors and the preferences and judgments of executors, with no consistent program pursued to achieve its true goals.

As a developing Southeast Asian state, Malaysia actively engages in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), such as ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), to pursue economic and geopolitical goals. However, these agreements present challenges due to legal complexities, geopolitical dynamics, and economic consequences. This research explores  As a developing Southeast Asian state, Malaysia actively engages in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), such as ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), to pursue economic and geopolitical goals. However, these agreements present challenges due to legal complexities, geopolitical dynamics, and economic consequences. This research explores Malaysia's strategic involvement in RTAs, focusing on their development, legal frameworks, geopolitical implications, and economic impacts. This study utilizes a doctrinal legal research methodology to analyze primary and secondary sources, including legal documents, treaties, and scholarly publications, with the goal of uncovering significant themes, recurring patterns, and deeper insights. The findings indicate that although Malaysia participates in regional trade agreements (RTAs) to bolster economic resilience and foster regional integration, their effective management is challenged by constantly evolving geopolitical dynamics and uncertainties. This study contributes to ongoing discussions on regionalism and multilateralism within the global trade system.

This article explores the concept of critical geopolitics to understand how international trade laws influence access to medicines within the framework of the TRIPS agreement. Classical geopolitics traditionally emphasizes how geographical features shape state strategy and global power dynamics, whereas critical geopolitics interprets geographical arrangements as constructs shaped by political, economic, and technological forces. By adopting a critical geopolitics approach, this article investigates how developed and developing nations use their ideas, actions, and interpretations of international trade laws to influence the implementation of TRIPS provisions in their favor. The TRIPS agreement, a multilateral treaty aimed at standardizing global intellectual property laws, often benefits developed nations by strengthening patent protections, which in turn restricts access to affordable generic medicines in developing and least developed countries. Despite the inclusion of safeguards and flexibilities designed to promote broader access to medicines, significant inequalities in access persist. This article examines the differential application of TRIPS across diverse national contexts, focusing on how developed and developing nations collaborate—or conflict—in balancing the need for strong patent protection with the imperative of public health access. By analyzing these geopolitical dynamics, the study illuminates the strategic actions employed by nations to navigate the intricate relationship between international trade law and access to pharmaceuticals. The findings offer important insights into the power imbalances that shape global health outcomes under the TRIPS regime.

Malaysia has been a key trading partner with the US and China since its independence. However, the US's imposition of safeguard tariffs has triggered a trade conflict with China, indirectly impacting Malaysia's supply chains and global pricing. This paper aims to explore the implications of the US-China trade war on Malaysia, focusing on the resulting international trade tensions among the involved countries. Using a doctrinal-qualitative approach, the trade policies of these three nations are analysed. With China's investment in Malaysia growing under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the potential for investment diversion from China is high. However, Malaysia faces strong competition from ASEAN countries for this investment relocation, necessitating proactive economic development measures. This paper suggests that Malaysia needs to anticipate the future of multilateral trade with the US and China to effectively navigate these challenges. By addressing these issues, Malaysia can better position itself in the evolving global trade landscape.

Illegal fishing is one of the biggest problems currently being faced from various existing marine and fishery activity problems. The fishing ground in other countries has started to run out, while the abundance of fish in the Indonesian seas makes foreign fishermen tempted to exploit fish in the Indonesian sea illegally, especially in the areas around the coast of Riau province, for example, in the Kabupaten of Meranti. This research with the systematic literature review method attempted to analyze how Indonesia's strategies and policies are in maintaining the defense of the border areas to prevent illegal fishing in the coastal waters of Riau Province in a sustainable manner using a systems approach. The results of the study stated that the occurrence of illegal fishing is also triggered by the need and demand for certain fish stocks that have high economic value, especially those consumed by visitors of expensive restaurants overseas.

Iraq's Hammar marsh was a key region for food production economically. The Hammar marsh's ecosystem had started to deteriorate by 1980 because of the war. Ever since then it has had serious issues brought on by both natural and human causes. We highlight these issues, their links, and how social and economic forces led to environmental deterioration in this essay by focusing on globalization. We measured changes in ecological, economic, and social systems using a variety of metrics during the last 20 years in order to quantify the issues and chronicle the changes. Significant climatological changes, including decreases in precipitation and humidity as well as temperature rises, have influenced environmental deterioration in the Hammar marsh. The Hammar marsh's social structures were also subjected to a great deal of stress, including as conflict and sanctions. To determine how the environment has changed across three periods between 2002, 2012, and 2022, we computed and examined categorization changes in Landsat images. Throughout the research region, changes in climatological variables were linked to changes in the vegetation and water. 

The current study looks at New Eurasianism as a fundamental ideology of Russia's geopolitical strategy, New Political economy in shadow of its economic integration towards the Eurasian region. New Eurasianism has called for greater cooperation among civilizations and the development of a polycentric world pattern, promoting investment, trade, security, and infrastructure. The study examines key international actors, principally China and the European Union (EU), in the context of their responses to Russia's Eurasian project, by using qualitative approach. The approach of China is to have a strategic partnership with Russia with the aim of fighting US unchallenged dominance and for regional peace. Given its dependence on Russian energy, the EU is combining economic sanctions with energy cooperation. The findings show the influential role played by New Eurasianism in advocating the establishment of a multipolar world order and reforming the global geopolitical architecture with various strategic partnerships and regional integration projects.

Hydropolitical relations between different actors can include a range of behaviors from peace to military conflict. Because of the multiplicity of scales and discourses, hydropolitical relations are affected by various factors that have not been studied coherently in hydropolitics literature. The purpose of this research is to expound on the factors that impact hydropolitical relations, and measure their relative significance. To this end, 12 macro factors and 61 secondary factors were detected for the design of the questionnaire based on the library data in the field of hydropolitical relations. In order to rank factors, the AHP method questionnaire was used, which was completed by 10 experts in the field of hydropolitics studies. Based on the results, the 12 macro effective factors were ordered as: climate, geography, water resources shortage, water resources management, legal, political, environmental, economic, military, security, cultural, and technological factors.