درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The Time Value of Money is a important concept in Financial Management. The Time Value of Money includes the concepts of future value and discounted value or present value. In the present article, the basic notions and illustrate with their application in the field of investment which is presented in the mathematical terms in form of theorems and we also presented the applications of some well known problems with the proof such as mortagage loan problem, investment in bond and an individual who plans to retire in certain years who plan for invest-ment for its future life. We also presented the application of calculus that is limit, derivative and integration in financial management.

Efficient financial markets with high degree of transparency do not substantiate the hypothesis that there are differences in the volatility of return. Generally, there are factors rejecting any perfect similarity in the volatility of return in the emerging stock markets, as previous studies in Iran have confirmed the complete difference. On the other hand, the hybrid model PANEL-GARCH has the benefit of high process accuracy, suggesting that the evaluation of the similarity in the volatility of return at the level of market or industry constituent units is better than the simple technique of time series GARCH model for the entire market (instead of evaluation at unit levels). Therefore, the present study intends to investigate complete similarities or differences in the volatility of return in Iran's industries. Results showed that the assumption of complete difference in the volatility of return in the industries did not hold. The results of this process for Iran's industries covering the timespan between 16/2/2013 to 18/3/2017 showed that there are similarities in terms of the y-intercept of conditional mean and variance equations (1.1) PANEL-GARCH between the volatility of stock returns of 23 industries in the Tehran Stock Exchange as confirmed by LRT test. 

The emergence of a new theory of"macroaccounting" with a new wave of accounting research over the last decade tries to explain and use the Aggregate information of interim accounting statements in economic forecasts. Macroaccounting theory suggests that economists and macroeconomic forecasters use Aggregate accounting information at the macroeconomic level. For example, accounting earning is used to predict GDP, cost stickiness is used to predict unemployment, and the ratio of book value to market value is used to predict inflation. Earnings growth dispersion contains information about trends in labor reallocation, unemployment change, and, ultimately, aggregate output. initial macroeconomic estimates released by the Central bank of Islamic Republic of Iran and Planning and Budget Organization and Statistical Center of Iran do not fully incorporate this information. Accordingly, the present study, based on macroaccounting theory, has examined the Predicting Restatements in Macroeconomic Indicators using Accounting Information. The population of this study includes all companies listed in the TSE. Due to the seasonality of the data and the fit of the models in a time series, the observations reach 40 times (2008:1to2018:4). The research method is based on time series data, VARtechnique. the The results suggest that earnings growth dispersion provides related data about final GDP growth. The results suggest that after considering the effect of other influential factors, specifically real initial GDP, earnings growth dispersion is useful in forecasting future GDP changes. The findings are important for economists and policymakers to have more accurate economic estimation and prediction by applying for accounting Information.