مطالب

The present study aimed to determine the impact of the school ethical climate on academic engagement, emphasizing the mediating role of achievement emotions in students. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. The statistical population included all female 11th and 12th-grade students in Zahedan during the 1404-1403 academic year, totaling 29,588 students. Based on the Krejcie-Morgan table, a sample size of 379 students (198 from 11th grade and 181 from 12th grade) was selected. The research tools included the Victor and Cullen Ethical Climate Questionnaire (1988), the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire by Pekrun et al. (2005), and the Academic Engagement Questionnaire by Reeve and Tseng (2011). The validity of the questionnaires was established through content validity, and their reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficients: 0.88 for the ethical climate questionnaire, 0.86 for the achievement emotions questionnaire, and 0.80 for the academic engagement questionnaire. Data analysis involved Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis tests. The findings indicated that the school ethical climate had a direct positive effect on academic engagement and positive achievement emotions and a direct negative effect on negative achievement emotions. Additionally, positive achievement emotions had a direct positive effect on students' academic engagement, while negative achievement emotions had a direct negative effect. The results also highlighted that achievement emotions play a mediating and indirect role in the influence of the school ethical climate on students' academic engagement.

National identity as a country's definition of its position in different, plural and sometimes contradictory approaches, one of the main axes of attention in this research is the answer to the question of how Iran's political development has been defined, retrieved, pursued and ultimately led to what specific results in the form of one of the cultural dimensions of Iran's national identity, namely "Iranianity". Based on the definition provided by the variables of this research - Iranian culture and identity and political development - some of the teachings of Iran's political culture have been in shaping the political developments of Iranian society in different periods in a negative and positive way, and in order to maximize the constructive capacity of Iranian identity in the path of the country's political development, there is a need to create a transformation in this area. The three axes in question were; In the first axis, we express the main concepts we are considering and review the history. In the second axis, we explain the basic characteristics of Iranian identity and political development of Iran from the perspective of experts. In the third axis, referring to national identity and the lack of participation of the people in the Pahlavi government, the obstacles and capacities available in it for creating change in line with the political development of Iran at present are explained. The conclusion is that a positive view of national identity is in line with the strengthening and transformation of political development.

Research Objective: The present study aims to examine how Reza Shah's despotism influenced the Iranian legislative system in the contemporary era. This is primarily done through an analysis of the National Assembly's performance during its sixth to twelfth sessions. The study also aims to explain the mechanisms used to strengthen authoritarianism by intervening in the legislative process. Research Methodology: This paper utilizes the theoretical framework of patrimonialism and employs a documentary method with descriptive analysis. Historical sources, official documents, and legislative texts form the basis for data collection and analysis.Findings: The research findings indicate that Reza Shah successfully manipulated the legislative environment to consolidate his personal power. He achieved this by undermining the Assembly's independence, interfering in the composition of its representatives, eliminating political opponents, and leveraging authoritarian legitimacy. These interventions not only impacted the selection process of representatives but also significantly influenced the content of the laws passed. Conclusion: The study concludes that Reza Shah's despotism, by dominating the legislative body, played a crucial role in weakening political institutions and reducing the transparency of the legislative process in Iran. By offering a clear depiction of the interplay between authoritarianism and legislation, this study contributes to a more profound understanding of institution- building in contemporary Iranian history

With the expansion of natural sciences from the 15th century and the stagnation of the humanities in the 18th and 19th centuries, debates emerged among scholars regarding whether the humanities follow the rules of natural sciences or have their own distinct principles. Some thinkers believed that if the humanities adhered to the methodologies of natural sciences, they would be similar to them; others believed that the humanities have their own specific methods. The latter group strove to establish the foundations for legitimizing the humanities. In Iran society, influenced both by philosophical and methodological debates in academic circles and by the ideological and intellectual climate following the intellectual situation of Iran society, various interpretations of the humanities emerged. Among the Iranian thinkers who theorized about the humanities, influenced by these conditions, are Reza Davari Ardakani and Abdulkarim Soroush. The present study aims to examine the concept and methodology of the humanities in the thoughts of Iranian thinkers, focusing on the opinions and ideas of Reza Davari Ardakani and Abdulkarim Soroush. Reza Davari Ardakani and Abdulkarim Soroush, on one hand, were influenced by the intellectual and methodological debates of scientism and hermeneutics in international academic circles and, on the other hand, by the intellectual atmosphere of Iran society, engaged with the subject of the humanities. Reza Davari Ardakani regards the humanities as a product of the crisis of Western modernity, while Abdulkarim Soroush considers humanity method to be the same as that of natural sciences and understands it based on this method.

This research presents a comparative analysis regarding the influence of religion as a key component of national identity on behavioral patterns in Iran's foreign policy across two distinct periods: that of Pahlavi II and the Islamic Republic. The significance of examining religion arises from its impact on national interest formulation within constructivist frameworks, where identity constructs play a pivotal role. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate how recognizing religion's position as an identity factor can enhance our understanding of behavioral patterns in Iran's foreign policy. Addressing the inquiry into religion's influence on these patterns during both eras, this paper posits that while religion was one of many influential factors in Pahlavi II's foreign policy landscape, it did not substantially integrate into national identity or affect foreign policy decisions at that time. Conversely, within the Islamic Republic framework, religion emerges as a fundamental ideology and an independent variable that shapes foreign policy behavior. The research findings ultimately reveal that during Pahlavi II’s era, national interests were defined through the lens of modern state identity, whereas Shia ideology became central to shaping foreign policy identity in the Islamic Republic. Consequently, religion has demonstrated a significant direct impact on behavioral patterns within this political context.