مطالب

This paper examines and critically analyzes the housing policies outlined in the Seventh Five-Year Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In light of the country's rapid population growth, urban expansion, and the resulting increase in housing demand, the study seeks to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies and measures proposed in this national plan. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the study uses content analysis of official government documents, including legislation, strategic frameworks, and housing-related policy reports. Through this approach, it identifies key policy objectives, strategic directions, and actionable programs implemented or proposed during the planning period. the findings suggest that the Seventh Five-Year Plan adopts a multifaceted and integrated approach aimed at enhancing housing supply, improving the quality and resilience of existing housing stock, particularly in deteriorated urban fabrics, and ensuring equitable access to land and housing for low-income and vulnerable social groups. The plan emphasizes increasing private sector participation by providing incentives such as low-interest loans, allocating public land without preconditions of residence, and streamlining the legal framework for housing development. Despite these promising initiatives, the study identifies significant obstacles to the successful implementation of these policies, including the lack of inter-agency coordination, insufficient funding mechanisms, and delays in land allocation. These challenges hinder the realization of inclusive housing development goals. The paper concludes by offering policy recommendations aimed at enhancing institutional efficiency, promoting stakeholder collaboration, and improving the financial and operational feasibility of housing projects.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The traditional military technologies and methods at sea have undergone many changes since the approval of naval warfare documents and have developed in such a way that they will transform future naval wars, and these developments necessitate the transformation of rights. It leads to a naval war. Cyber war has been accepted as one of the methods of war along with other land, sea, air, and space methods, but the difference between this method and other methods is that each of the mentioned territories can be used as a base to carry out a cyber-attack. The emergence of cyber capabilities in the sea means that naval forces are always more connected which leads to greater vulnerability at sea. The purpose of this brief is specifically to examine the cyber-attack at sea from the perspective of the law of maritime armed conflicts. Therefore, the ability to apply international humanitarian law and the rules governing the law of maritime warfare in the case of a cyber-attack at sea will be interpreted and investigated. Methodology: The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical, and the process of collecting library information is reference, by referring to sources through books, documents, periodicals, and the Internet, we obtain research data.   Findings and conclusion: The findings of the research indicate many ambiguities in applying the law of maritime conflict to maritime cyber warfare, but humanitarian law can be used with all modern tools, which has been supported by the International Committee of the Red Cross in recent decades.