درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of mental imagery on the English language comprehension of sixth grade students. The method is semi-experimental and its plan involves pretest, post-test, and follow-up. Using a multi-stage random sampling method, 32 students were selected from schools in the district (2) and assigned to either the experimental or evidence group - each group consisted of 16 students. All the students within both groups were given a pretest which consisted of 20 multiple choice questions (with 4 possible answers each). There was no significant difference between the mean scores gained by the students of both groups on the pretest. The experimental group received the mental imagery teaching program and how to form pictures in the mind-e.g, how to visualize-before reading, while reading, and after reading a short story, for example, by being requested to draw pictures of the characters, scenes, or setting in the story as they perceived them. The evidence group received no instruction. To measure the effectiveness of the treatment program for each experimental condition, a research-made reading comprehension test was applied. There were  significant differences between the experimental and evidence groups, when data analysis was performed by ANOVA, using repeated measures. The findings showed that the mental imagery teaching program can improve the English language comprehension and this study suggests that the English teacher may improve her teaching strategy by optimizing the use of a variation technique in school. The teacher should be creative while delivering materials in the class.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting educational policy-making based on the third millennium characteristics. Methodology : This study was applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of implementation of the data foundation type. The research population was the documents in 2009 to 20019 and educational policy-making experts in 2019, among which 15 were chosen according to the original saturation principle with purposive sampling method. The research tool was a semi-structured interview, whose validity was confirmed by experts and evaluated with proper triangulation method and its reliability was obtained by an internal agreement method of 0.83. For data analysis, content analysis method was used in MAXQDA12 software. Finding : The findings showed that the factors affecting educational policy-making had 9 dimensions, 39 components and 209 indicators, including educational stakeholders, psychological factors, economic factors, technological factors, legal factors, social factors, cultural factors, belief and ideal factors, and political factors. Also, the third millennium education has 6 dimensions, 33 components and 74 indicators, including the characteristics of philosophy and training goals, characteristics of curriculum, educational system characteristics, environmental characteristics and educational space, characteristics of teachers and characteristics of principals and policymakers. In general, for factors affecting educational policy-making based on the third millennium was identified with 15 dimensions, 72 components and 283 indicators. Conclusion : Considering the factors affecting educational policy-making based on the third millennium characteristics, the dimensions and components identified in the present era can be promoted.

Purpose : Given the role of different organizational syndromes in the decline of school performance, the present study was conducted aimed to rank and compare organizational syndromes in Iranian schools according to the opinion of principals, deputies and teachers. Methodology : This study was applied in terms of the objective and quantitative in terms of the method. The study population included the principals, deputies and teachers in Isfahan and Yasuj in the academic year 2019-2020. The research sample according to Krejcie and Morgan Table was n = 375 who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and considering the volume ratio of cities. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of organizational syndromes in Iranian schools with 78 items. Its content validity was confirmed by experts, its construct validity was confirmed by exploratory factor analysis and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha of 0.93. The data were by Friedman and independent t-tests using SPSS-25 software. Findings : The results showed that the organizational syndromes of narcissism, lack of communication, discrimination and politicking, group thinking, structural alienation, tension and distress, structural mastery, caution, pressure, terrorism, neglect, immobility, explosiveness, incompatibility, non-commitment, impulse and silence had a higher rank in Iranian schools. Other results showed no significant difference between organizational syndromes and teachers in Iranian schools according to the opinion of principals, deputies and teachers (P <0.05). Conclusion : According to the results of the present study and the negative role of syndromes in the decline of school performance, it is necessary to design and implement programs to reduce syndromes by improving intra- and extra-organizational relationships and activities in Iranian schools.

The basic aim of this research is from universal school-based management model to pattern Iran's progress - Islamic schools Board of trustees: qualitative analysis dimensions and specific indicators to evaluate performance. According to the study, functional and in terms of subject matter and the nature of the research component of the combination is mixed. In the first phase of this study, grounded theory as a qualitative approach was used and secondly from the descriptive - survey has been used as a quantitative approach. The statistical population of the study included 12 experts, policymakers and experts in the ministry of education, and in the small part, all teachers and principals of the board of trustees of five provinces (Tehran, Isfahan, Mazandaran, Khuzestan and Semnan) during the school year 2015-2016, they were employed. Due to the high number of these schools, ten managers and teachers were selected from each province based on the Krejsi-Morgan's table of 234 people (184 teachers and 50 managers) by random sampling method and selected a researcher-made questionnaire with 140 items (with Cronbach's alpha = 0.901), which was compiled based on the categories identified in the qualitative section were responding. To ensure validity, the questionnaire was examined by university professors and several key experts in education. The qualitative data research through systematic project-based coding process grounded theory of Strauss and Corbin were analyzed. In the quantitative analysis of data gathered from structural equation modeling confirmatory factor analysis was performed using SPSS and Lisrel. The results of the qualitative research findings showed that 12 indicators were identified as the main components and 38 sub categories that were identified in the assessment of the performance of the schools of the board of trustees based on the comprehensive school-based management model. The findings of the quantitative research have also shown that the two components had the greatest impact on the board of trustee's schools. P Participation with path (0.69), organizational commitment with path (0.65), flexibility with path (0.62).

Purpose : The present research was conducted with the aim of comparison of psychomotor skills and social adjustment in elementary students with and without preschool history. Methodology : This research in terms of time was cross-sectional, in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was causal-comparative. The study population was the first to third grade students of Shiraz Kodak Afarin Educational Complex in the academic years of 2019-2020, which according to the Krejcie and Morgan table number of 144 people (90 people with preschool history and 54 people without preschool history) were selected as a sample by simple random sampling method. Data were collected by psychomotor skills test (Lincoln Oseretsky, 1950) and adaptive behaviors inventory (Lambert et al, 1974) and analyzed by independent t-test in the SPSS software. Finding : The results showed that elementary students with preschool history in compared to elementary students without preschool history significantly had a more favorable situation in terms of psychomotor skills (and all its components including touching, bending on the toe, harmonious tapping of the foots, standing on one foot, walk backwards and finger skills) and social adjustment (and all its components including violent behavior, antisocial behavior, rebellious behavior, unreliable behavior, avoidance, stereotyped behavior, inappropriate social behaviors, bad voice habits, bad or strange habits, hyperactivity tendency and psychological distress) (P<0.01). Conclusion : The results indicated the effect of preschool on psychomotor skills and social adjustment in elementary students. Therefore, to improve the characteristics of students is necessary to use a preschool education course.