درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Emotional abuse is one of the most common types of abuse in sports. However, due to the lack of awareness of its harmful effects and the hiding of this abuse in the shadow of success, less attention has been paid to it. Objective: Emotional abuse is a repetitive pattern of intentional and non-contact behaviors that is performed to control a person and is detrimental to their emotional, cognitive, or physical health. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of emotional abuse among semi-professional adolescent male football players in Mazandaran province. Method: the present study is cross-sectional. A total of 59 football players (aged from 15 to 18 years old) participated in the study voluntarily. Semi-structured interviews were employed to collect data and descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation coefficient were utilized at a significance level of 0.05 to analyze them. Results: The results showed that 37.25% of the participants have experienced emotional abuse such as humiliation, insult, ignoring, ridicule, etc. by the coach during their sports career which resulted in outcomes such as depression, eating disorders, anxiety, and low self-esteem. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that significant ratios of athletes have experienced emotional abuse that has adverse consequences and, in some cases, has led to quitting sport. Therefore, teaching athletes appropriate coping techniques reduces the frequency of common emotional abuse and protects them from it harm in the future.

Background: Hyper kyphosis is a common postural issue that affects many women, often leading to negative body image. Aim: The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of an 8-week corrective exercise program on the body image of women with hyper kyphosis. Materials and Methods: The research method used in this study was quasi-experimental. The study population consisted of female students aged 18 to 26 years with hyper kyphosis at Shahid Rajaee University. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=20) or the control group (n=20). Hyper kyphosis was measured using a flexible ruler, while body image was assessed using the Body-esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults. The questionnaire had a reliability coefficient of 0.83 as measured by Cronbach's alpha. After 8 weeks of corrective exercise, both the experimental and control groups completed the questionnaire again. The control group did not receive any training during this time. The data were analyzed using the mixed ANOVA method with SPSS-26 software at a significance level of 95%. Results: The results of the mixed ANOVA analysis showed that the main effect of the training group and the interaction between the group and test stages were significant in the post-test stage for the dependent variable of total body image (F=6.82, P =0.013), appearance (F=6.72, P =0.014), attitude (F=8.81, P =0.005), and kyphosis angle (F=18.91, P =0.000). However, there was no significant effect of training on weight satisfaction. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that eight weeks of corrective exercise significantly reduced the hyper kyphosis angle ( P =0.01), resulting in an improvement in the subjects' posture and a decrease in deformity. This improvement in appearance led to an increase in satisfaction with their appearance, as demonstrated by improvements in their body image.

Background: Taekwondo is a traditional Iranian martial art currently practiced in over 206 countries around the world. Aim: The present study aims to provide fundamental information on injuries in Iranian elite Taekwondo athletes. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 Iran Taekwondo national team athletes (means±standard deviations: Age: 28.8±10.7 years, Height: 175.7±9.2 cm, Weight: 69±14.7 kg) participated in this retrospective study. The data was collected based on the injury surveillance system during 2021. The questionnaire included personal information and Taekwondo-related injuries information. Data was illustrated using descriptive methods and was analyzed using the Chi-Square test ( P <0.05). Results: The overall injury occurred during training was more than competition ( P <0.05). The occurrence of acute injury was higher than chronic ( P <0.05), and the most prevalent types of injuries were strain, rupture, and muscle spasm. The number of injuries that occurred in the lower extremity was higher than in other parts ( P <0.05), and the knee was the most vulnerable joint ( P <0.05). The most important cause of injuries was fatigue ( P <0.05). The non-contact injury was the most significant injury mechanism ( P <0.05). The severity of injury in Iranian elite Taekwondo athletes was high ( P <0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that injuries during training were more than competition, acute injury was more than chronic, strain was the most common type of injury, and the most vulnerable joint was the knee. Fatigue was the leading cause of injuries in elite Taekwondo athletes. So, in designing an injury prevention program, these factors should be considered.