درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: The aim of this study was to design a combination learning model in technical and vocational education. Methodology: This study was applied in terms of purpose and exploratory (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of implementation method. The research population was in the qualitative part of documents and resources and specialists in the field of combined learning and in the quantitative part were the principals and students of technical and vocational schools in Zanjan province in the academic year 2018-19. The sample of research was in the qualitative part of documents and resources related to combined learning and 17 experts in the field of learning who were selected according to the principle of theoretical saturation by sampling method of network experts and in the quantitative part were 176 administrators and students who according to Krejcie and Morgan table with Cluster sampling method was selected. Data were collected by filing methods, interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire (39 items) whose face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and its reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.81. Qualitative data were analyzed by open and axial coding method based on Klein model and quantitative data were analyzed by Delphi methods to determine the validation of the model and t-test. Finding: The results showed that combined learning in technical and vocational education included 43 basic concepts and 9 structural concepts including learning objectives, learning content, learning activities, learning strategies, grouping, learning materials and resources, learning time, learning location and evaluation. The combined learning model of design and its validity by experts with Delphi method was approved in two stages and the number of basic concepts was reduced from 43 to 39. The results of t-test also showed that technical readiness and readiness of human factors combined learning had an effective role in technical and vocational education. Conclusion: According to the results, the designed model of combined learning approved by experts can be used in combined learning environments in technical and professional organizations and can be a criterion for future research in this organization.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the position of ethnicity in formal and hidden curricula of the new secondary education system. Methodology: The present research method was qualitative analysis of content analysis which consisted of two parts. The first part of the research included documentary analysis and content analysis. The statistical population included 51 books in the field of humanities in the second secondary school. The research sampling method was purposeful sampling and the research sample included 6 volumes of history and sociology books of the second secondary school. The content analysis unit consisted of text, images, and textbook activities. To evaluate the content validity was used experts' opinion about the degree of coordination of the content of the measurement tool and the purpose of the research. On the other hand, in order to ensure its reliability, Scott method was used. Based on the obtained reliability coefficient (79) it was quite stable. In the second part of the research, the research method was qualitative and ethnographic, and various tools such as student journals, photographs, semi-structured and informal interviews and observation were used to collect research data. To analyze the data in this section, qualitative content analysis was used by Smith method. Finally, to ensure the accuracy of the findings in this section, Triangulation method and re-referral of data to participants were used. Findings: The findings of the research in the first part showed that only 4% of the three sections of the content from the reviewed books paid attention to the 22 desirable components of ethnicity. Also in data analysis based on Smith method in the second part of the research, various themes including ethnicity neglect, teachers 'ignorance, different teachers' expectations, ethnicity as a cause of discrimination and the consequences of ethnic discrimination appeared. Each of them contained several sub-themes. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be acknowledged that the place of ethnicity in the formal and hidden curricula of the new secondary school system has been largely neglected. Therefore, due to the multiplicity of Iranian society, it is suggested that the curriculums of the secondary schools be completely revised to cover the necessary components for multicultural education and ethnic diversity in Iran.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate teachers' experiences of social status. Methodology: The present study was conducted using descriptive phenomenological method. The statistical population of the study included all the official teachers of education in the country in the academic year of 2018-19. The research sampling method was purposive and the data collection method was semi-structured interview. Accordingly, 14 teachers with at least 10 years of experience were interviewed. The selected teachers were from all over Iran and were not limited to a specific province. To analyze the data, the descriptive phenomenological method of Kliz, which has seven stages, was used. Findings: The findings of the study indicated that teachers' lived experiences of social status fall into three general dimensions: definition of social status, deterrence of social status and promotion of social status. The definition of social status from the teachers' point of view includes three central dimensions: social status as psychological need, social status as social status, and social status as class status. Deterrence of social status includes the following categories: teacher's imagery, inappropriate social imagery of the teacher, systematic discrimination, lack of professional identity, job gaps, lack of accountability and institutional support, sense of institutional inefficiency, media inefficiency, Weak trade union organization, professional inefficiency, and unequal power relations. Also promoting social status such as macro policy reform, institutional cohesion and cooperation, job identity development, professional empowerment, strengthening social authority, strengthening social authority, reforming managerial and organizational practices, strengthening teacher-centered participation, improving welfare facilities and Includes strengthening trade union organization. Conclusion: The social status of teachers is a cultural and social matter that finds meaning based on the context of teachers' activities.

Purpose: The purpose of present study was determining the effectiveness of academic buoyancy training on academic engagement and adjustment to school in firth high school students. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of methodology was semi-experimental with a pretest and posttest design with control group. The research population was firth high school girl students of District 9 of Tehran city in academic years of 2019-20. The research sample was 50 people who were selected by available sampling method and randomly replaced into two equal groups (each group 25 people). The experimental group underwent 12 sessions of 70-minute academic buoyancy training and the control group did not see training. Research tools were the questionnaires of academic engagement Fredricks and et al (2004) and adjustment to school Sinha & Singh (1993). Data were analyzed with chi-square, independent t and multivariate analysis of covariance methods in the SPSS version 21 software. Findings: The findings showed that the experimental and control groups had a significant difference in both variables of academic engagement and adjustment to school. In the other words, academic buoyancy training led to increased academic engagement and adjustment to school in firth high school students (P<0/05). Conclusion: Based on the results, it is recommended that school counselors and psychologists used the academic buoyancy training method to improve academic characteristics, especially to increase academic engagement and adjustment to school.