درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Among different social sectors, students are one of the most important social groups targeted by environmental education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the social factors affecting students' water consumption behavior. The basic research questions were: 1. What is the water consumption level of students? 2. What are the social factors affecting students' water consumption behavior? In terms of methodology, the present research was conducted using a survey method at the first secondary level in girls' schools in Babol city, Mazandaran province, during the spring of 2024. One hundred students were selected as the statistical sample, and a questionnaire was used to collect the required data. The data obtained from the research were described and analyzed using SPSS. The findings of the study showed that the average water consumption behavior of students is at a moderate level. Spearman's correlation analysis confirmed a statistical relationship between the number of family members and water consumption behavior. According to the results of the ANOVA test, there was no significant difference in water consumption behavior based on educational level. The results, based on regression coefficients, showed that perceived moral norms and behavioral control have the greatest impact on students' water consumption behavior. Based on the findings, suggestions were made to strengthen moral norms and increase awareness of the consequences.

The impact of climate change threatens rural livelihoods in semi-arid areas like Kordian District of Iran’s Jahrom County, particularly where there is inadequate spatial planning. This research analyzes policy shortcomings in Iran’s spatial planning framework concerning climate-induced resilient livelihood changes, based on the qualitative analysis of four documents and field survey of 18 stakeholders. This study identifies and analyzes the following critical gaps: 1 misalignment between climate adaptation objectives and land-use planning decisions spatial planning within higher order planning documents, 2 layered governance silos, and 3 the local livelihood framework is planned for but not planned with. The spatial analysis showcases overlooked economic opportunities like pastoralism, horticulture, and solar energy, which are limited by infrastructural deficits, climate hazards, and policy fragmentation. Further compounding these issues is geographic isolation and dysfunctional settlement morphology. This research outlines actionable strategies within the policy-action-instituition matrix framework, calling for the spatial restructuring of service network configurations, climate-resilient livelihood diversification, improved governance coordination, targeted youth and female empowerment, and the ecosysystem-based adaptation approach to spatial planning. The gaps between the objectives and the means employed demonstrate the inadequacy of current spatial planning approaches to semi-arid regions integrating climate, institutional frameworks, and socio-spatial relations. The proposed framework spatially called suggest is adaptable and enrich spatial.

This research examines the role of in-between spatial systems in enhancing presence quality, taking the Qeysarieh precinct of the Isfahan Bazaar—one of the principal connectors between Naqsh-e Jahan Square and the historic bazaar network—as the study area. The precinct was selected owing to its high density of pedestrian flows, adjacency to tourism–service–commercial land uses, and diversity of intermediary spatial elements. The study adopted a mixed-methods (quantitative–qualitative) approach. In the quantitative component, perceptual data from 351 users regarding four dimensions—environmental, physical, functional, and psychological—were collected through a standardized questionnaire and analyzed using the one-sample t-test and Friedman test. In the qualitative component, the spatial structure was evaluated through a space-syntax approach at four levels: axial analysis (Integration, Choice, Mean Depth), visibility analysis (VGA) and isovists, agent-based simulation, and assessment of overall intelligibility. Quantitative results indicated that psychological, functional, and environmental dimensions were assessed above baseline, whereas the physical variable showed no significant difference. Syntactic analysis showed that the Zarrabkhaneh route and Qeysarieh Chahar-Suq exhibited the highest centrality and distributive roles, and that chahar-suqs exerted greater influence on movement and stopping than corridors. The low coefficient of determination for intelligibility (R² = 0.11) indicates a need to improve perceptual guidance within secondary networks. Integrating quantitative and qualitative findings suggests three principal strategies whose implementation, by aligning form, function, and perception, can increase the sustainability of presence quality and enhance user experience within historic urban fabrics.

Transportation is a cornerstone of the tourism industry, which is considered one of the most important and lucrative global resources at the dawn of the third millennium. The primary assumption of public transportation development based on sustainable tourism is increasing tourist satisfaction. Additionally, one of the most advanced urban development perspectives that can initiate improvements in current urban conditions and serve as an effective step toward sustainable development is TOD. Suitable, reliable, comfortable, fast, and affordable transportation facilities are prerequisites for tourism development, as tourists consider both cost and time in their decisions. The choice of transportation system or the availability of an appropriate system affects these two factors when accessing tourist destinations. The objective of this research is to apply a transit-oriented development approach to enhance tourism in Tonekabon. The study is applied and descriptive-analytical, utilizing documentary research, observation, and questionnaires for data collection. Additionally, the Fuzzy IHWP method is employed to identify potential tourism zones, with a focus on transit-oriented development. The results indicate that the northern, central, and coastal areas of the city, which cover 29% of its total area, have high potential for locating public transportation stations, such as taxi stands, vans, bus terminals, and bicycle lanes. Finally, recommendations are provided, including widening streets, establishing bicycle lanes, and recreational-hospitality activities in the coastal area, improving taxi services to all areas, widening the main bridge connecting the east and west of the city, and constructing public parking near terminals and the coastline.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The driving forces of productivity-oriented design management in architecture and urban planning offices, as a novel approach to improving project performance, focus on identifying and analyzing the key factors influencing the design process. Accordingly, the present study aims to examine the driving forces affecting the status of productivity-based design management in selected architecture and urban planning offices in Tehran. METHODS: The study is applied in nature and uses a descriptive–analytical method. Theoretical data were collected through documentary research, and empirical data were obtained via a Delphi-based survey. Twenty experts were selected through purposive sampling, and 40 factors in six main dimensions were analyzed using structural cross-impact analysis in MICMAC software. FINDINGS: The cross-impact analysis indicated that the driving forces occupy a complex, intermediate state, mostly in the independent cluster. Among 31 identified drivers, the most influential include precise project planning, advanced design software use, effective stakeholder communication, quality control, human resource management, and project risk management. These factors have the greatest direct impact on productivity-oriented design management in the studied offices. CONCLUSION: The analysis identified key drivers such as precise project planning, advanced design software, stakeholder communication, quality control, and risk management as having the greatest direct impact.