مطالب

In this essay I examine Hegel’s critique of England and France in his own day, and I argue that this critique sheds light on what he would say about constitutional states in the twenty-first century. Hegel’s critique is based on the normative “idea” of freedom he sets out in his Philosophy of Right (1820). This idea, which in Hegel’s view determines what rights and institutions are necessary for true freedom, gives a central role to what he calls “corporations” — business or trade associations, but also local communities and towns — in the free, rational state. The purpose of these corporations is twofold: first, to render economic activity cooperative and “ethical”, and so to prevent the emergence of systematic poverty, and second, to send delegates to the legislature who represent legitimate interests in civil society, rather than just numbers of people. Hegel argues, however, that corporations disappeared or were abolished in England and France and that this led to extreme poverty in England and to the “liberal” idea in France that political authority should derive from the individual will (an idea that in turn sets the “people” permanently against government). I argue that poverty and individualistic “liberalism” remain problems in the twenty-first century, and that a Hegelian solution to these problems would be to reintroduce corporations (or their equivalent) something that Hegel himself advocated in the 1820s. Hegel’s alternative to unrestrained capitalism and liberalism both of which he thinks undermine true freedom and right is thus not, as Marx recommends, to abolish the system of free production and exchange altogether, but to imbue citizens with an ethical concern for one another in their economic and political life an ethical concern that is grounded in corporations, associations and other communities.

Le Petit Prince est illustré par Saint-Exupéry lui-même, ces illustrations sont indispensables pour la narration : elles ont été et placées précisément dans le texte par l’auteur en assumant effectivement des fonctions narratives que le texte seul ne pouvait couvrir. Les illustrations confèrent à la narration du Petit Prince une épaisseur spatiale. Une analyse approfondie de la fonction narrative spatiale de ces représentations graphiques permet de mettre en lumière le thème central de l'œuvre : La connaissance ne devrait pas être appréhendée de manière linéaire ni être contrainte par des paradigmes empiriques préétablis. Au contraire, elle devrait s'ancrer dans une connexion authentique, fondée sur l'intersubjectivité. L’article tentera de traiter les trois aspects principaux de la narration des illustrations, afin de démontrer la multiplicité spatiale qui caractérise Le Petit Prince : premièrement, la capacité de représentation intuitive des illustrations, deuxièmement, l'interaction du lecteur suscitée par la polysémie des illustrations, et troisièmement, les illustrations, en tant que « dessins enfantins » au sens de Merleau-Ponty, abandonnent le réalisme poursuivi par les paradigmes picturaux pour ne montrer que l’état authentique des choses dans l'espace et les efforts du narrateur pour se connecter aux autres , ce qui est étroitement lié au thème de l'œuvre.

Resistance, as a successful phenomenon in Islamic thought and practical theology, is focused on monotheism, faith in God, and belief in divine victory in all social strata. The present study examines the concept of the theology of resistance with an emphasis on its Quranic themes. The theology of resistance, in addition to its cognitive, political, and social aspects, has deep religious roots in the Quran, which are manifested in concepts such as faith, patience, strong will, unity, and the continuation of the path of resistance. The current study, using a descriptive-analytical method, considers selected verses, especially those related to the Battle of Uḥud , as an example of the Quranic literature of resistance. It aims to show how these Quranic themes play a role in strengthening the social and cultural spirit of Muslim communities. The results of the research make it possible to explain the systematic theology of resistance and its practical analysis in the Battle of Uḥud as a model of resistance for believers. This research proves that conscious resistance with faith is a combination of individual and collective steadfastness that is achieved by trusting in God and believing in divine victory. It also emphasizes that promoting the discourse of the theology of resistance based on the Quran can guide the individual and collective behaviors of Muslims in confronting challenges and the domination of falsehood, and can be a factor in the honor and progress of Islamic societies. Thus, in addition to being considered a religious concept, the theology of resistance is also raised as a social and cultural need today that illuminates the path of resistance in the contemporary world