درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The daily unofficial exchange rate is crucial role in economic agents' decision-making and expectations in Iran. Hence, policymakers have tried to manage the unofficial market by promoting the official exchange rates as a leading price. In this regard, they have established official platforms for foreign exchange transactions. This study investigates the causal relationship between exchange rates discovered on the platforms and unofficial exchange rates by employing the Hong time-varying causality test based on the DCC-MGARCH method. Empirical results show a unilateral causal effect between the unofficial and official exchange rates. The instantaneous causality test results show an instantaneous unilateral causality from unofficial to official exchange rate over the whole period. However, the reverse is only found for some special sub-periods, such as when the extent of sanctions decreases, and the possibility of the Central Bank's intervention increases.

This paper focuses on the fragmentation of the production stages in a related production process. Comparing alternative technologies that produce similar goods, one with fewer production stages and the other with a greater number requires a holistic perspective for the entire production sequence. What matters is not only the strength of production links but also the length of the links, determined by the number of production stages. In this study, using the Inter-Country Input-Output table (ICIO) including Iran in 2016, We quantify the production status of 42 activities for 68 countries and the rest of the world, with a focus on the Iranian economy. To achieve this, we concentrate on the global output supply chain and input demand chains, specifically considering Iran. We use the output upstreamness (OU) measure and input downstreamness (ID) measure to quantitatively determine the relative positions of Iran's economic activities along the global output supply chain and input demand chain, respectively. This study provides insights into countries with the highest and lowest IDs globally, attributing them to industrial and agricultural activities, respectively. Iran's lower ID is explained by its role as a main supplier of natural resources, particularly in activities like oil and natural gas extraction.

In a situation where the country's banking system is vulnerable, the behavior of depositors based on their assessment of the banks' risk level can lead to an increase in the probability of systemic crises and instability of the banking network. Recently, network theory and agent-based simulation are used to investigate complex banking systems. Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a new computational method that studies economic phenomena by representing the behavior of individuals and agents. Using this approach, the present study evaluates the phenomenon of bank runs and the effect of deposit insurance on the country's banking network. The agents in this ABM include banks, central bank, firms and depositors. Banks and depositors are intelligent agents that operate on an adaptive learning model. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of depositors' behavior on the banking network and the safety policy of deposit insurance based on the balance sheets of 25 banks that are members of the Iranian interbank market during the years 2006 to 2019. We find that when depositors act strategically, bank operations occur and banks choose adaptive strategies with lower capital adequacy ratios (CARs). Also, our findings are that the safety of the banking network through deposit insurance has not been significantly successful in reducing the risk of contagion in the system.

Providing financial services for social projects represents corporate social responsibility (CSR), because it indicates ethical commitment for creating better social environment. It improves public image and loyalty of customers, increases the commercial value of the trademark, promote public trust, create confidence of the beneficiaries, and attract valuable resources by the corporate. Corporates have realized that they are responsible for the society in which they operate. We examined the impact of CSR on the efficiency and profitability of banks. The statistical population of the research is 16 banks listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2014-2018. Four variables represent efficiency and profitability. Also, six variables included in the model as control variables. The results indicated a positive and significant effect of social responsibility on the efficiency and profitability of the banks, so that the CSR has most effect on the return on assets, net profit margin and return on equity respectively.

In economies where banks play a key role in aggregating savings and allocating credit to various sectors, it is crucial to evaluate the performance of the banking system using appropriate methods. This research paper presents a model for evaluating the efficiency of commercial banks listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period from 2015 to 2020, with a focus on the impact of credit risk. The study employs a two-step descriptive-correlation retrospective method to rank the banks and explain the role of credit risk in their efficiency. Specifically, the efficiency of the banks is determined using inputs and outputs based on DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) models. The calculation of efficiency using ideal SBM (Slacks-Based Measure) and DEA methods reveals that Mellat, Saderat, and Tejaret banks were the most efficient during the study period. Furthermore, Tobit and logistic regression models are used to investigate the relationship between the main determinants of credit risk and the efficiency of commercial banks. The findings indicate a statistically significant relationship between the two factors. Overall, this paper highlights the importance of evaluating the efficiency of the banking system in bank-oriented economies and provides a useful model for doing so. The research paper highlights the significant impact of credit risk on bank efficiency, emphasizing its role in shaping effective risk management strategies within the banking sector. It suggests that banks should prioritize these factors to enhance their operational efficiency.

Technological advancement in recent years has compelled central banks to look for new ways to effectively provide payment systems that are fast and more convenient compared to traditional paper-based payment systems. It has led to the birth of the concept of digital currencies issued solely by central banks called Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). As this concept is relatively new, there is ongoing research being conducted by several central banks worldwide, and while the research work done thus far has answered many questions, there remains a number of unsettled issues and questions. This paper aims to delve into the literature on this concept and focus on several key questions like the reasons for issuing digital currency, payment systems efficiency, and the advantages and disadvantages of digital currencies issued by central banks. Answering these questions could substantially help figure out the usefulness of creating a new payment method alongside the current payment system. However, extensive future research is required for a comprehensive understanding the effectiveness and usefulness of digital currencies.