درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Development of e-banking has empirically modified the structure and characters of banks’ performance, efficiency, risk and challenges which have also been articulately recognized based on the international best practices. E-banking brazenly accelerates and restructures financial transactions via enhancing technology and expanding the banking services in comparison with conventional banking. Accordingly, online access to the banks’ products, financial statements, payment services and even credit scoring has considerably improved banks-customers relationships in the context of lending and borrowing practice, deposit composition, investment opportunities, trade finance options as well as account management diversification. The impact of recent e-banking developments is statistically evaluated for Iran’s banking network via Dynamic Panel Data approach. The findings highlight that the ratio of ATMs and Electronic Cards transactions to banks' assets negatively-significantly influence the profitability due to higher substitution ratio with the other payment instruments and maintenance cost. The ratio of online branch transactions to the banks' assets negatively-insignificantly affects the profitability owing to the rapid increase in the NPLs and loan/loss expenses which has consequently shrunk Shared Revenues over the past 10 years. SWIFT-branches have positively-significantly enhanced the banks internal-secured cash flow while contemporaneously improves fund efficiency, banks’ services fees, and ultimately profit margin.

This paper uses monthly price indices of 448 items of manufacturing sector in 2004:4 to 2016:01, to study the effect of exchange rate and its volatilities on price setting behavior of manufacturing sectors. Given that, many manufacturing sectors in Iran need to import raw materials, intermediate and capital goods in their production process, it is expected that exchange rate variations affect price setting behavior indices (frequency and size of price changes) in various manufacturing sectors. The results show that an increase in the exchange rate and also an increase in the exchange rate volatility lead to an increase in the frequency of price changes. In addition, while the exchange rate, itself, does not affect the size of price changes, the exchange rate volatility negatively affects the size of price changes. That is, manufacturers’ response to the exchange rate increase is limited to an increase in the frequency of price changes, but an increase in the exchange rate volatility increases the frequency of price changes and decreases the size of price changes. Also, the frequency of price changes in manufacturing sectors with high level of competitiveness and low level of raw material inventory is positively affected by the exchange rate increase.

In addition to traditional factors, demographic changes also depend on factors such as marriage and divorce. Yet only a few researchers investigated the impact of divorce on housing costs. The aim of this paper is to estimate the effect of divorce on housing costs in Iran. Doing so, we have applied a fixed Panel Spatial Autocorrelation model using the data from a set of Iranian provinces over the period of 2006-2014. The results indicate that a one-percent point rise in divorce increases housing rental index by about 1.05% point directly and indirectly. The outcomes also show that household size has a negative and significant effect, but the per capita gross domestic product and the population have positive and significant effects on the housing rental index. On average, a one-percent point increase in the housing rental index of any provinces will increase the housing rental index in a province by about 0.34 percentage points.

In this paper Basel regulation is modeled in Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) framework. For this purpose, using data from 1981-2017 for Iran, capital adequacy as an importance regulation is modeled. Results show Basel regulation has procyclical effect. According to the results of the model and according to the realities of economy and banking system of Iran, in recession, lending and credit risk increase and repayment probability decrease. Despite these conditions, capital adequacy does not increase. This confirms that risks are less relevant in determining capital. If elasticity of repayment probability with respect to capital loan ratio is zero, Basel II is more procyclical than Basel I. If elasticity of repayment probability with respect to capital loan ratio is 0.5, Basel II is less procyclical than Basel I.

Nowadays, the widespread connections among national and international organizations and industries make crisis in one area distress other organizations. One of the sensitive industries is banking industry, which has faced fundamental changes due to the various economic and political crisis in the last decade. Alterations such as exchange rates fluctuations, bankruptcy of unorganized institutions, economic sanctions and sanctions on banks cause crisis, which in turn result in the decrease in the public trust in banks, from both views of the depositors and stock investors. The present study, which is the first attempt in Iran, demonstrates approaches to the recreation and improvement of the trust in banking industry. To evaluate the hypothesis, a precise survey involving 455 banks customers, selected by random sampling method, was carried out in February 2018. According to the results, the trust in the government ownership have an important role in recreating of the trust in public sector banks. Besides, the role of state oversight and regulation extremely influences the recreation of the public trust in depositing in private sector banks. Most importantly, the trust in the government is significant on the increment of the trust in banking industry and the government ownership and regulation.