درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The conclusion of any contract aims at implementation of the obligations arising from it. Morality dictates that people adhere to what they assumed regarding others. The law also supported the moral judgment and in case of breach of obligations to oblige, compensation as a sanction is imposed on obligor. In view of the economic analysis, he also committed to respect his contract and the Contract shall be performed contrary to the intention of breaching party, and on both sides the effectiveness is motivated to build trust and to maximize contract efficiency. Typically there are two basic solutions in compensation for breach of contract. First, the obligation of obligator to perform obligation, secondly, payment of damages for non-performance, either by the parties in the form of penalty clause or by the court to refer the matter to the expert identified and they are required to pay it. In choosing one of these, economic perspective considers the economic benefits of each of these two solutions. If so economic benefit in cases where subjective commitment and intellectual damage on the implementation of the commitment, as compensation for these losses not compensated correctly, and basically cannot be estimated. In second view, sentence in view of the compensation usually refers to material damages or economic damages, in such cases compensation for losses caused to the obligee can be compensated better and more efficient method is considered. Finally, it must be borne in mind that the purpose of signing the contract because is its implementation and in cases where the performance of contractual obligations under changed circumstances faced hardships, the elimination of obstacles to the implementation of the contract will be resolved, it seems to modify the contract as a mechanism for the implementation of the contract must be considered unless they agreed to be imposed on them by law or judicial authority. In this case, unless the modification is done by mutual consent, it is modification by legal and judicial means economically, we'll see how the parties to the agreement have wanted to do risk allocation or choose the more efficient ones, that is, which party can a lower cost can bear the risk of changing circumstances and consider same party responsible for it.

The intention of this paper is to define the concept of the spirit of place, and then to identify methods for its preservation in historical urban contexts. In fact, this study seeks to answer the question whether the spirit of the place and its components can be derived from tissue structure to improve? And whether we can weave his old identity in psychological indicators - human behavior found? Finally, the aim of this methodology is to help researchers make an objective analysis and evaluation related with the very delicate subject; the spirit of the place and its comprehensible meanings from tangible features to intangible ones. The study hypothesis claims that the psychological component concepts, behavioral and moral spirit of the place can be viable tissue residential neighborhoods. This claim qualitative research design and analysis of research by using descriptive derived from Kerman al-Ghadeer neighborhood residents use the results of the survey population. And the spirit of the place and identity of contingency tables between two components in the sample studied is proof space.

The bus system in a high-speed public transportation systems are equipped with modern technology that due to accuracy, speed and flexibility have been considered as one of the improvement solutions in Tehran's public transport system. In this article the performance of BRT line three of Tehran has been evaluated based on the established standard in 2013, developed by the Institute for Development Policy and Public Transportation (ITDP) through the rankings and SWOT models. Research method of the present article is comparative and descriptive - analytical. Our results show that BRT line three in Tehran with total score 50 has the basic rank and close to bronze according to international standards. After introducing the evaluation model for BRT system and factors affecting the system, strategies to promote the quality and quantity of BRT line three have been presented.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and rganizational citizenship behavior and personality traits city staff Lorestan. The research objective of the application and the method of data collection, descriptive, correlative to-be conducted in 1394. The study population of 500 municipal employees Lorestan 217 employees were selected using Cochran formula The selection of the sample, simple random sampling method was used. Datas were collected using standard questionnaires and through statistical tests t, Friedman test and Spearman correlation were analyzed. The main results showed that job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior and personality traits among municipal staff Lorestan 0.99 there is a significant level of confidence.