درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Study of natural hazards can be a useful tool in decision-making, planning and prioritization of measures to manage the crisis. In this research, the details of this approach in Astaneh Ashrafieh district in northern Iran in Gilan Province were evaluated and described given the history of liquefaction in the earthquake in Rudbar and Manjil in 1990. According to GSI maps of Sefidrud delta sediments in which Astaneh Ashrafieh area is located, the area from Paykouh to the beach mostly belongs to the Quaternary. At the delta level, there are three stratigraphic units related to the Pleistocene and five units related to the Holocene. In this study, more than 50 boreholes were drilled and a borehole for analysis was analyzed at the most critical parts of the region. Type of drilling in the study was machine-rotating and continuous sampling was conducted to a depth of 18 meters at a depth. Underground water level for this purpose was 3 meters and using experiments, research work began on the sand of the area, sand of the area was tested by ​​field and laboratory studies such as on-site testing, grading test, and chemical and mineralogical tests. Based on the tests, sediments were mainly made of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and epidote minerals, a little quartz and carbonate debris and contained circular and semi-circular particulars and a small amount of clay and in some areas, silt in the surface layers.

on one hand, Iran due to the low annual rainfall and lack of appropriate spatial and temporal distribution in precipitation is considered as an arid and semi-arid country experiencing stress and water scarcity; on the other hand, 90% of annual water consumption has been allocated to agriculture sector in Iran and efficiency and productivity of water consumption do not enjoy favorable status in this sector. While it can overcome this problem by use of virtual water criterion in trade with the countries which enjoy water status such as Turkey. In this regards, the present study has examined this issue in form of selected agriculture goods based on common indices for detection of trade opportunities. Cosine criterion indicated that the degree of similarity and complementary of Turkey’s export with Iran is greater than structural similarity of Iran’s export with Turkey. With regard to trade potential calculations, Iran and Turkey have high export capacity in trade of agriculture goods. Further, Index of Drysdale indicated that the possibility for development of trade from Turkey to Iran is greater than trade from Iran to Turkey and ultimately adjustment of Balasa index based on virtual water trade process indicated that Iran should change its import and export priorities at area of agriculture products. Further, results from research indicate that applying virtual water criterion and removing the products lacking relative advantage in trade between Iran and Turkey result in increase in export of Turkey’s agricultural products to Iran and increase in Iran’s benefit in trade of virtual water.