درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The current research explores the water crisis and the security in the Middle East region. It ad-dresses the challenges and solutions in terms of lack of available fresh water resources and its unbalanced distribution in the face of increase in water demand as a result of the industrializa-tion of societies, population growth and negative effects of climate change which leads to the occurrence of water scarcity and turning it into a global crisis. Hence, concerns about the lack of water resources in the world in recent decades have led to two general speculations about the future. Relations between governments should be formed around international water resources. One hand, there are those who predict that in the near future, water will be a reason for creating violent conflicts between governments. On the other hand, there are writers and theoreticians who believe in the "catalytic" nature of water for the approximation of governments and more cooperation in this field. The issue of water has emerged both in the form of war and coopera-tion. In the meantime, the need for water in the dry and water-scarce region of the Middle East, the weakness of the international water cooperation systems and the numerous political-economic and social tensions in it, have created the arena for the emergence of water-related security threats in this region.

Qassem Soleimani, as a prominent figure of resistance and a symbol of Iranian-Islamic identi-ty, as well as the fight against terrorism worldwide, by establishing a modern school, contrib-uted to national solidarity and the promotion of Shia identity. This, in turn, strengthened the national security of the Islamic Republic in both military and political dimensions. Soleimani emerged as a national hero during the Iran-Iraq War and in the fight against ISIS, embodying a model of national champion. Therefore, his independent personality became an influential factor in advancing national security for the Islamic Republic. Considering himself a home-land soldier, Soleimani, while defending Islam, also symbolized the defense of the homeland. Accordingly, the goal of this research was to identify and explain the role and performance of Qassem Soleimani in the national security of the Islamic Republic and answer the question of what role his performance played in Iran's national security. The research methodology was descriptive and analytical, both in terms of the primary objective and the method of data col-lection. The research results indicate that Qassem Soleimani, through the creation of a dis-course of resistance and mobilization of resources, contributed to strengthening the national security of the Islamic Republic.

Hannah Arendt was one of the most prominent thinkers of political philosophy in the twentieth cen-tury, and the views of many scholars in the field of political philosophy in the present century are still inspired by her thought. She is the author of books such as Totalitarianism, Revolution, and The Human Condition. In the intellectual system of Hannah Arendt, the manner of formation and func-tioning of totalitarian states has been explained, and Arendt, with subtlety and precision, depicts the accompaniment of the masses with the state machinery in the creation of totalitarianism. She ex-plains that the totalitarian current, by riding on the wave of the emotions of the masses and penetrat-ing into the minds of human beings, carries them along with itself. Profound and unique concepts are seen in her political philosophy, including the political matter resulting from human action in the public realm which, alongside civil society, can bring about the liberation of the citizens of the modern world. The concept of theoretical challenge between the two concepts of moral evil and human rights finds meaning precisely at this point. Arendt faced a set of events and incidents which she tried to describe under concepts such as totalitarianism and human rights and, of course, also expressed her own solution. With the current understanding of Arendt’s political thought, it can be said that her solution in human rights lies in the concept of citizenship rights, plurality, freedom, the public sphere, political participation, and so on. With the critiques that Arendt directs toward the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it can be concluded that her understanding of this concept is very different from what is heard today, and therefore her words may not only be incomprehensi-ble but may even lead to misunderstanding and mental confrontation. Therefore, addressing this subject can, while enlightening the audience, create a ground for the recognition of Hannah Ar-endt’s political thought, particularly her ideas in the field of moral evil, human rights, and the rela-tion between these two in her thought. In addition to all this, finding an answer to the causes and factors of the phenomenon of evil and violence is of great theoretical and also practical importance, and the recognition of Arendt’s thought can be an important step in this direction.