درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Throughout history, mankind has always been involved in numerous crises, including war and bloodshed and its consequences and adverse effects. Establishing peace and resolving conflicts has always been the concern of thinkers, and based on this, two main views in this regard have proposed different opinions and viewpoints on the axis of "authenticity of peace" or "just war". In the meantime, sea banditry or piracy, which has a very old history and is as old as the history of human domination of the sea, has become a serious threat in recent years due to reasons such as the change in the behavior pattern of pirates, which often takes hostages and blackmail. It is considered for international trade. This crime, which is one of the first international crimes with universal jurisdiction, has always been the subject of debate among thinkers of different legal systems. One of the important topics in this field is how to make peace or conduct a just war with this phenomenon. The Islamic legal system and international law have presented mostly similar and sometimes different views in this context, so it is necessary to apply and research the jurisprudential teachings related to the principles and regulations of international law. Therefore, in this treatise, the subject of "comparative analysis of countering "sea piracy" from the perspective of just war in Islamic jurisprudence and international law has been discussed. In this research, which was carried out using descriptive and analytical methods and using library sources and texts, these results were obtained that today the issue of war as an important issue and challenge in the international arena has limitations and only when its position as a Acceptable discourse is accepted as a just war. Therefore, according to the principles of international law and the actions taken by sea pirates, in many cases it has many similarities with the title of war in Islamic jurisprudence, and their behavior and actions, which often lead to the deprivation of the security of the seas, can be compared to He knew it as war. However, observing the principles of just war in both the Islamic legal system and international law is necessary and necessary.

Cryptocurrencies, despite their ambiguous nature, represent one of the most significant new phenomena in the global economy. Since the introduction of the first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, in 2009, terrorist groups have increasingly utilized these currencies to finance their activities. Consequently, states, organizations, and financial institutions have been compelled to adopt effective anti-terrorist financing strategies in response to this development. This research examines a range of issues related to cryptocurrencies, their utilization in terrorist financing, and the associated benefits and risks. Within the context of Iran's regulatory framework, existing policies and measures to combat the financing of terrorist crimes through cryptocurrencies have led to challenges characterized by conflicting and fragmented approaches to the regulation of cryptocurrency exchanges and mining, both theoretically and practically, which include the illegitimacy of exchange activities. Internally, the Central Bank has issued directives aimed at clarifying this phenomenon and has sought demands from higher authorities, particularly the Islamic Council. In contrast, other countries, such as China, have adopted a dual policy, prohibiting the use of cryptocurrencies in monetary and banking contexts. Notably, nations like Canada and the United States have established specific legal regulations and policies governing Bitcoin usage, while Japan has developed regulations for virtual currency exchange service providers, including mechanisms for identifying violators through guaranteed criminal enforcement.