درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The prices accepted by consumers in the market are influenced by the characteristics of the goods, based on consumer behavior. Each of these features contributes to the price agreed upon by both consumers and suppliers. The packaging of a product plays a crucial role in attracting consumers and protecting the product from damage. High-quality and visually appealing packaging can create a positive perception among consumers, potentially resulting in a higher price point. Additionally, specialized packaging techniques designed to preserve freshness and extend the shelf life of oil can also impact the price. This study investigates the impact of quality and packaging on the price of sunflower oil in Iran. The primary objective was accomplished using the hedonic pricing method. Given the qualitative and ordinal nature of the dependent variable, the ordinal logit model was employed. The sample size was determined through a two-stage cluster sampling approach, which involved collecting 350 questionnaires from consumers in Tehran city. Statistical analysis was conducted using Shazam and Stata software. Numerous factors influence the consumption of sunflower oil at various levels. However, in general, factors such as increasing age, higher income levels, the presence of diseases, and dietary considerations contribute to a decrease in its consumption. On the other hand, factors like improving product quality, enhancing the quality of oil packaging, increasing consumer loyalty towards edible oil, and rising online sales of this product contribute to an increase in its demand.

One of the main demands of investors (depositors and shareholders) of banks is transparency. However, in addition to the requirements for meeting this demand, measuring how to meet it has become challenging. So far, researchers have proposed different qualitative criteria for transparency. In this study, while introducing the correlation coefficient between book and market value at risk (VaRs) as a criterion of transparency, we seek to examine the stability of this criterion in different economic conditions. For this purpose, first, by using the e-garch model, the value at risk was estimated based on the balance sheet (book) information and also the market information of the banks' shares, then by calculating the correlation coefficients between book and market VaR’s under normal conditions, we predict book and market VaR’s using vector auto-regressive (VAR) models, along with defining three stress scenarios (Mild - Severe - hyper stress). We examined the significance of the difference between the calculated correlation coefficients in the three stress test modes. We thus tested the stability of the correlation coefficient of the defined scenarios. The findings showed that except for the correlation caused by the unemployment rate factor in mild and hyper-stress scenarios, in other cases, no evidence of H0 rejection was found, indicating the stability of the correlation coefficient between book and market VaRs as a measure of transparency.