درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This study attempted to examine the extent to which university instructors contributed as obstacles or facilitators to developing critical thinking skills in undergraduate, graduate, and doctorate students. To this end, six university classes, two classes from each of the above-mentioned programs, were selected randomly from the Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics in a State University. The corpus of the study was collected via video recordings during a semester. Vygotsky’s (1978) sociocultural theory was utilized to interpret the data. The results revealed that instructors in BA and one of MA classes were facilitators of critical thinking skills, while those in the other MA class and both Ph.D. classes acted more as obstacles to such skills. This finding contradicted the expectations of the researcher who, based on Fisher’s (2005) arguments, believed that thinking skills should be more developed at tertiary levels by instructors, particularly as one moves from bachelor to master and doctoral levels, which are more about frontiers of knowledge. The implications of the study pointed to the vital role of the university instructors in promoting thinking skills by decreasing interruptions, increasing wait-time, asking referential questions, and using selective repair.

Previous studies have shown that autonomy support (AS) can foster a person’s motivation and facilitate motor learning. However, the effects of AS on observational motor learning are not well understood. The present study investigated this issue by manipulating to-be-observed-model. Forty-eight male students were assigned into autonomy, yoked, and no-demonstration control groups. Three male Baseball coaches acted as models A, B, and C. Model A was instructor of students of AU group and acted as a model with high social status for AU group. Models B and C were not familiar for all participants and acted as low social status models. Participants were asked to perform a Baseball-pitch into a target during pretest (10 trials), acquisition phase (5 blocks of 10 trials), and retention test (10 trials). Prior to each acquisition block, the participants of AU and YO groups observed a model three times. Participants of AU group were free to choose model A, B, or C for any single observation. Participants in YO group were matched with those in AU group. Movement outcome, movement form, self-efficacy (SE), perceived learning effect (PLE), and perceived model attractiveness (PMA) were measured as dependent variables. Results showed that AS, relative to yoked and control conditions, led to better movement outcome during acquisition and retention. Action observation enhanced movement form during acquisition and retention. AS increased SE, PLE, and PMA compared with yoked and control conditions. Results provide support for the OPTIMAL theory and indicate that AS facilitates observational motor learning.

The purpose of the present study is to measure the dominant curriculum orientation of faculty members at University of Kurdistan. In terms of purpose, this is applied study, and in terms of data collection methods, it is a descriptive survey. The target population consisted of all faculty members who were teaching during the 2014-2015 academic year at University of Kurdistan. To collect the data, the census method was employed due to the limited number of the participants. The data collection tools were the “curriculum orientations inventory (COI)” developed by Cheung and Wong (2002) and modified by Mahlios, Rice and Thomas (2004). The results of the study showed that cognitive process and academic rationalism were the most dominant orientations of the faculty members. The results also showed that there is a positive relationship between the faculty members' curriculum orientation and their expertise.

Purpose : The aim of this study was to Modeling, bedding and planning in Flipped learning process in educational system of Medical Sciences University of Babul Methods : The research design was exploratory mixed type. Statistical population in the qualitative section of academic experts and members of the Education and Empowerment Committee of Medical Universities Babol and in the quantitative section; The staff of the Vice Chancellor for Management and Resources Development was the Health and Education Unit of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; In the qualitative section, in-depth interviews were conducted with 12 experts using the snowball sampling method, and in the quantitative section, a questionnaire was used to measure the model using the multi-stage relative class method among 310 samples. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by face and content method and the reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. Data were analyzed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS and Smart PLS software. Findings : The results showed that the Flipped learning process has 12 dimensions in terms of learning motivation, individual factors, organizational culture factors, structural factors, the establishment of Flipped learning, facilitation measures, organizational barriers and challenges, non-organizational barriers and challenges, bedrock and planning, awareness, quality of education and quality of learning. The results of the quantitative section showed that all dimensions of the research paradigm model were confirmed. Conclusion : It is recommended to the officials of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; to provide the necessary conditions for the establishment of Flipped learning, make the necessary arrangements according to the results of the present study

Purpose : This aim of present research was designing an effective professional ethics model in training from the perspective of heads and deputies of education of Tehran province. Methods : This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was mixed (qualitative and quantitative). The research population in both qualitative and quantitative sections was the heads and deputies of education in 2019-20 academic years. The research sample in the qualitative section according to the theoretical saturation principle was 40 people who were selected by purposive sampling method and in the quantitative section according to Cochran's formula were 230 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research instruments were the semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire whose psychometric indicators were confirmed. Data were analyzed with using methods of open, axial and selective coding, exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS and LISREL software. Finding : The results of both qualitative and quantitative sections showed that effective professional ethics in training had 40 indicators and 9 components including self-efficacy, scientific responsibility, individual ethics, managerial factors, organizational factors, job ethics, extra-organizational factors, social responsibility and belonging to scientific society. Also, the effective professional ethics model in training had a good fit and all 9 components had a significant effect on the mentioned model (P <0.05). Conclusion : According to the results, planning to improve the effective professions ethics in education is necessary by experts and planners. As a result, they can enhance the components of self-efficacy, scientific responsibility, individual ethics, managerial factors, organizational factors, job ethics, extra-organizational factors, social responsibility and belonging to scientific society