درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The theoretical discussion of the present paper is particularly based on the insights of Giorgio Agamben contextualized in Iris Murdoch’s novel, A Word Child (1975), written in the transitional period of the seventies England. It will inspect Agamben’s biopolitical insights to examine how they may contribute to understanding of the dark side of sovereignty considering the figure of a banished individual. Taking the precariousness of the emotional, political and ontological faculties of ‘love’, ‘homo sacer’ and ‘bare life’ allocated to the human being in Murdoch’s novel, A Word Child , this paper offers a different view of Murdoch’s inspirational emphatic love, socio-political abstruse problems in her novel arguing that Agamben’s account of these issues supplies an underlying structure of the form-of-life. It resounds through Agamben’s view as a never-ending struggle of human beings to underpin the messiness and cruelty of life in which characters are emotionally engaged and entrapped in order to examine some potentialities as the escape routes from the prevailing deadlocks of the era and eventually to trace, according to Agamben, a form-of-life that is called a happy life.

The relation between geographic knowledge (particularly geographic names) and Persian poetry is one of the important literary categories which is studied in this article. This category has been talked about less up to now and has been rarely under research and evaluation. There is no doubt that a noticeable part of the poetry themes and Persian poets' witticism is about the names which are mentioned. The familiar appendices which are regulated and published under the title of "list of places" on the final pages of most of the Persian poetry Diwans are briefly clear confirmation of this claim. In this article, there will be an endeavor to familiarize and introduce different forms of reflection of "geographic names" in Persian poetry including a various spectrum of poetic themes, figurative speech, inspiring symbolic and mystical meanings, melodious compounds, proverbial quotations, and wisdom, description, praise, expressing erudition, and developing geographic knowledge. Keywords: Persian poetry, geographical names, poetic theme, literary geography, collocation

La notion de polyphonie renvoie aux réflexions de Bakhtine qui, par ses analyses linguistiques sur la poétique de Dostoïevski (1970), remarquait que l’œuvre romanesque n’est pas un dialogue clos de l’auteur, mais un lieu par excellence de dialogue, interaction et de rencontre de plusieurs voix. Il s’agit bien sûr de multiplicité de «consciences équipollentes» et des pluralités de styles qui se disputent et se font entendre simultanément à travers le discours du narrateur. De son inspiration bakhtinienne, le linguiste-pragmaticien français O. Ducrot (1972, 1980b & 1984), a repris ladite notion et l’a développée pour élaborer sa fameuse théorie de polyphonie énonciative-sémantique. Il faut remarquer que la thèse de Ducrot en reste théorisée et originale; sachant que Bakhtine ne s’intéresse généralement qu’aux configurations polyphoniques dans les textes littéraires, mais tandis que le linguiste français s’appuie essentiellement sur une description polyphonique de la phrase qui est unité de la langue. Dans cette recherche polyphonique, tout en optant pour la polyphonie linguistique ducrotienne, nous voudrions dire comment le sens d’un énoncé se construit entre le «déjà-dit»(de l’interlocuteur-énonciateur) et le «dire» du locuteur-sujet parlant au moment de la constitution de son discours. Ce qui nous intéresse plus ici, c’est l’excellent rôle de certains marqueurs linguistiques qui recèlent la trace de la voix ou point de vue de l’autrui du discours romanesque qui parle indirectement (non en chair et en os) à travers l’acte d’énonciation du locuteur-narrateur.