محمد محمدی

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the community-oriented approach has been proposed as one of the approaches used in crisis management. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors affecting community-oriented crisis management in Iran. METHODS: Initially, the subject of the study was defined and initial exploratory and library studies were conducted. Subsequently, the relevant factors and components were identified through the Delphi method and a researcher-made questionnaire and were then provided to the experts to give their opinions. These factors and components underwent analysis by statistical methods after that the qualitative and quantitative corrective opinions of the experts were received. Finally, the experts' consensus was reached regarding the appropriateness of the model, components, and the combination of factors. The study population in this section consisted of 28 academics and professionals familiar with the subject selected using a judgmental sampling method. Subsequently, to test the model, a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among 353 selected individuals of the local community of South Khorasan Province, Iran, who were selected by random clustering method. The collected data in this section were analyzed in Smart PLS software (version 3) using confirmatory factor analysis. FINDINGS: The research findings included the validation of the model through the Delphi method and the test of the final model through confirmatory factor analysis. CONCLUSION: The results showed that four categories of preventive, preparatory, confronting, and reconstructive factors were effective on community-oriented crisis management, among which, preparatory factors with an impact factor of 33.5 had the greatest impact on community-oriented crisis management.

State banks must find a way to adopt a different strategy from other banks in providing customer service. An important and key way to create a competitive position is to differentiate services from other competitors that create a good image of the bank and its services in the minds of customers. A topic that has been addressed in the present study is the necessity for state banks, like other companies and businesses, to follow a suitable model in order to achieve a suitable position in the banking industry. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to design a model for positioning the services of state-owned banks and its validation. The data for qualitative stage were obtained from Keshavarzi, Melli, and Maskan branches' managers of Khorasan Razavi province and university professors in the field of management. The quantitative sample were also the customers of aforementioned banks, that due to their large number, 384 people from each bank were selected as a sample size by simple random method and Cochran's formula. In order to collect data in the qualitative part, Deleted part, the interview was used and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, which obtained validity with expert opinions and reliability with Cronbach's alpha of 0.77. In order to analyze the data in the qualitative part, grounded theory and the method of Strauss and Corbin and Maxquda software were used, and in the quantitative part, the structural equation technique and PLS2 software were used. The results showed that the model presented in 6 dimensions of causal factors,contextual, intervening, pivotal, strategies an consequences has a good fit.

It is by now well established that materials may have an impact beyond simply learning a language they present. Hence, in this study attempts have been made to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of a textbook Summit 2B which is currently being widely used in Iranian EFL classes. The textbook has been evaluated based on criteria provided by McDonough and Shaw (1993) on the basis of two stages: an external and an internal evaluation. Efforts have been made to critically evaluate the textbook in terms of the layout, grading and sequencing of assignments, design, content, different activities, sort of texts utilized, and the skills emphasized in the book. The findings showed that albeit there appears to be some shortcomings, Summit 2B seems to be more efficient to meet the requirements of EFL learners as compared with the other textbooks which have hitherto been used at different language classes. Accordingly, investigating and evaluating the book proved to be very lucrative and valuable in terms of pedagogy as well as the efficient attributes that suits the context of the present study. Finally, the implications as regards the efficiency of this particular course book as the consequence of evaluating it have been put forward and the strengths and weaknesses related to it have been argued.