درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The ability to recognize and compare shapes and understand the concept of proportions is one of the first human findings from environmental geometric data. And certainly the formation of geometry as a science of recognizing the arrangement of lines, shapes and levels and proportions leads to the definition of golden proportions in the mathematical sciences as a new way of organizing shapes and forms. Golden and geometric proportions are effective as a determining element in the scale of spatial forms, and the formation of spatial forms by not using or misuse of geometric proportions is due to functional and psychological interactions on human perception and cognition. Which causes the construction and formation of scales and proportions of the environment and the emergence of psychological effects due to human activities in the environment. And then the abnormal effects and environmental dysfunction on the saccade system of the human eye and as a result the feeling of fear and lack of belonging to the place interacts. On the other hand, nature as the raw material of creation, and the principle and mother of man, which causes him to model the proportions in nature. Understanding the laws governing the relationships between elements and spatial shapes leads to the formation of geometric and golden proportions in the spending of space. Because knowing the symbol of shapes, proportions and scales in the world of meaning and kingdom is reminiscent of the divine order in all dimensions of the world (even in astronomy). Therefore, evaluating the values ​​of spatial proportions in nature as the bedrock of human life and the pattern of psychological perceptions, leads to the adoption of human activities. Also, the study of human needs on a mental and psychological scale from the perception of the environment causes the recognition of scales and dimensions by human visual senses, which leads to the perception of the correct golden and geometric proportions through Sakadi eye movements and psychophysical sciences. . Certain ratios can also be observed in the creation and design of various shapes in nature. These relations are those geometric relations that have immaterial roots and follow the spiritual and supernatural principles, believing that their subject is sacred, and have a symbolic language and spiritual characteristics. In the traditional world, geometry was inseparable from the other four Pythagorean sciences, namely arithmetic, music, and astronomy. And traditional geometry is also associated with the symbolic composition and shapes of space. To this end, the study of the effect of golden and geometric proportions on human visual perception of the architectural environment based on the sense of belonging to the place, causes visual quality to increase the sensory richness of the place and achieve human values ​​and criteria in the sense of belonging to the place and human needs. To be considered by the architect. In this research, with the perspective of this identity and the interaction of geometric and golden proportions and the sense of belonging to the place, the criteria and indicators of the research have been studied and the results have been presented in the form of tables and diagrams.

Dakkato al-Qadaa is a place in the Kufa mosque where, according to historical narration, Hazrat Ali (pbuh) used to judge and many of his judgments were narrated in this place. The study of this place is important in terms of the role that mosques have played in various aspects of the spiritual and material life of Muslims. This place can be researched in several ways: the historical reference of the place; the ancient aspect of the remaining signs; Jurisprudential rulings related to judgment in the mosque. According to the studies that were carried out, such a place definitely existed in the history of Islam, and even now there are signs of it in the mosque of Kufa, which is honored and celebrated by the Shiites of the Prophet, which is one of the characteristics of The richness of Islamic civilization is in terms of judicial functions. The knowledge of this specific place depends on the knowledge of the mosque of Kufa on the one hand and the examination of the place of mosques in the Islamic culture and civilization and how proceedings were conducted in the early ages of Islam. This article is organized with a descriptive and analytical method using the remaining written documents and physical works available in the place.

The silver plate from the British Museum (inv. 124091) usually attributed as depicting “Šābuhr killing deer”does not have a direct parallel in Sasanian iconography. The attempts were made to explain the image in perspective of relation to Mithraism, however no detailed analysis was done. The plate represents features typical for the Sasanian silver but, at the same time it is modelled upon Mithraic tauroctony. This makes the scene a possibly important argument in discussion regarding the very existence of Iranian Mithraism. The fact that the scene is not a direct copy of the Roman tauroctony arguments for association with Iranian imagery. The scene had to be understood in Iranian terms, despite referring to Roman depictions. This supports the view of Iranian, pre-Zoroastrian Mithraic cult. 

A recent trend in photogrammetry is the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for photogrammetric purposes. A data acquisition sensor is mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle to collect data during short-range aerial photogrammetry from a low altitude. This system is capable of filling a significant gap left by other conventional methods in the field of map production. The improvement in processes over conventional methods is the basis for this method's effectiveness. A significant portion of valuable data is obtained after the first processing stage as a result of automation in all data production processes. Real orthoimages, 3D models, and a detailed point cloud of the area are all included in this data. Drawing and mapping maps have gotten much easier, more accurate, and quicker thanks to modern software. We are looking for ways to use these kinds of methods in documenting the archaeological heritage in this article by applying this method at the historic site of Susa. The experts and practitioners in this field will benefit from this method, which is a collection of the most effective techniques for geometric measurement, analysis, and interpretations related to issues raised in archaeology.

Biological samples such as bones, tooth, and hair obtained from archaeological excavations are mainly used for dating measurements. However, these findings provide valuable information about the diet, lifestyle or migration, and genetic interaction of communities, and disease because the biochemical content of biological tissues such as bones, teeth, and hair changes under the influence of the lifestyle of the past population. Therefore, it seems that human remains' biochemical, microscopic, and histological studies could be advantageous for clarifying the dark events of the past societies. Bioarchaeology, as an interdisciplinary science, assesses the historical-cultural relationships in ancient samples and human remains like hair, bone, or tooth by biological tools and techniques. In this science, the biological data of specimens are combined with archeological information to obtain a more accurate sociology of past civilizations. The purpose of the present review article is to familiarize archeology researchers with the usual methods in bioarchaeological studies.

Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Manṣūr Mubarākshāh al-Qurashī was born around 1150 CE, probably in Ghazna, and eventually joined the court of Quṭb al-Dīn Aybak, the first Turkish Mamlūk or “Slave King” of northern India. He died around 1224 CE. His Ādāb al Ḥarb wa’l Shujācah (“Rules of War and Bravery”) was a treatise on statecraft in the Persian tradition of “Mirrors for Princes”. A substantial, if idealised discussion of warfare, it includes sections on tactics, troop organisation, various weapons, sieges and many military-historical anecdotes. Nevertheless, these chapters also include more recent, more localised Indian and Turkish elements, plus otherwise lost aspects of military practice or theory. For example, the essentially traditional Islamic or ʿAbbāsid sections include Chapter 12 which describes “How to arrange an army firmly and to maintain that (arrangement)”. The first part of Chapter 13 describes “How to bring the army to a halt and the (best) place to do this”. Some specifically military chapters of theĀdāb al Ḥarb wa’l Shujācah are clearly based upon ʿAbbāsid military theory as developed during the 8th to 10th centuries CE; notably sections such as “How to arrange an army firmly and to maintain that (arrangement)”, and “How to bring the army to a halt and the place to do this”. Other sections reflect more recent Indo-Islamic, Indian and Turkish military ideas, as well as otherwise lost aspects of earlier military practice, plus plans of military arrays, idealised encampments and exercises in the tradition of Islamic furusīyah military training manuals. Chapter 11, which is interpreted here, concerned the characteristic features, advantage and usage of a wide array of weapons. Chapter 19, which is also interpreted here, focussed on various aspects and variations in the array and deployment of an army for battle.

The artifact studied in this paper is a bimetallic sword made of bronze handle and an iron blade, which was excavated from the Tol ancient cemetery, located in Talash city, Gilan province, in 2001 by Mohammad Reza Khaltabari. This research aims to study the technology and pathology of the mentioned object by conducting comparative and archeological studies using the library method, conducting technological studies using the laboratory methods of radiography, metallography, and microstructural observations using a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS). The phase analysis of corrosion products was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as knowing the manufacturing method and identifying the types of damage and corrosion. The result shows that this work belongs to the Iron Age. Also, the tests performed on the two parts of the handle and the blade showed that the material of the iron blade is iron-carbon alloy. The amount of carbon in different parts of the body of blade is not the same and the handle is made of bronze alloy with casting and hammering techniques. It also has a galvanic corrosion effect.