درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

During the life of humans on earth, there has been no subject more interesting and complicated than death. The knowledge and understanding of what will happen to a person after death form the basis of most religions in the world, which have since been referred to as religious matters or religious experiences. The issue of death is so important in many societies that it has caused the birth of schools of thought and, as a result, the growth of various religions and cults. Burial customs include the structure of the graves, the direction, and condition of human or animal skeletons, and the placement of objects in the graves. The Iron Age in Iran and Guilan is divided into three sections: Iron Age I, II, and III. This Period includes from 1500 B.C. to 550 B.C., of course, some archaeologists believe the existence of Iron Age IV, which continues until the middle of the Parthian period (the End of 1st Millennium B.C.). All major discoveries from selected Iron Age sites in the area of Guilan have been explained and classified. In this research, a new attempt has been made to review the religious experience and ritual practices regarding the repeatability of ancient cemeteries of Talesh during the Iron Ages. The main aim of this article is to identify the Iron Age Burial culture in Guilan. This investigation shows that the society’s People of Iron age in the area of Talesh have social Rank and Status but the factor of Gender is not important in classifying their classes. 

Iran in the 19th century was different in foreign policy perspective. The catastrophic failures in Russo-Persian wars, the partition of Caucuses form Iran and the Tsars’ plans for accessing southern seas of Iran, British rule over India and Southern Indian Ocean waterways, all revived the importance of Iran as a buffer country in the Eastern policy of London politicians; events which transformed Iran into a center for Russian-British Bipolar Paradigm rivalry. The Iranian politicians acknowledging the dangers of such dual external rule were seeking a third power to decrease the pressure of their Northern-Southern neighbors. Qajar politicians believed that a third power would be a better balancer against Russia and Britain and would be assisting in the protecting national independence and territorial integrity. On the other side, America as a developed country, which set aside civil wars successfully, with the slogan of friendship and trade, was eager to establish political relations with countries like Iran and sign amity and trade agreements. This was the circumstances in which diplomatic relations between Iran and the US was established in the 19th century (AD).

Urartians ruled over the shores of Lake Urmia in Iran, Lake Van in Turkey and Sevan Lake in Armenia between 9th and 6th centuries B.C. and they had left a large number of metal artifacts. Urartians illustrated different human, animal, plant and mythical motifs on their metal objects. But lion was more common among those motifs. Urartian lion was depicted with open jaw, wrinkled face, small ears and short mane. The author suggests to study each figure separately in comparison with other cultures therefore it seems that the Urartian lions are similar to Assyrian, Hittite, Achaemenid and Etruscan lions. This Urartian motif could have been affected by the immigration, travel, savory or employing of the artists or workers from Assyrian or Hittite regions to Urartu. Urartian artists could have affected the other regions with the same reasons. A few scholars have been interested on this motif in comparison with pre and post Urartian culture. It is the aim of the author to field and library research the Urartian lion motif along with its comparison with Assyrian, Hittite, Achaemenid and Etruscan lions to trace the possible effects.