درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

As one of the mother industries, the petrochemical industry is one of the essential pillars of development and the driving engine of various sectors of the country’s economy. This industry will achieve several important goals, such as increasing export income, expanding downstream sectors, creating jobs, and increasing GDP. This importance has been emphasized in the country’s upstream documents, such as the general policies of the resistance economy, focusing on developing petroleum refineries to prevent the vulnerability of oil and gas revenues by extending the value chain and increasing the export of these products. The current work aims to investigate the value chain of the petrochemical industry with the new approach of petrochemical refineries, as well as the pathology and evaluation of the current state of the chains mentioned above in the country with the descriptive research method and the library method using policy research. The research results show that the chain of petrochemical products with the approach of creating petrochemical refineries has relatively high advantages compared to focusing on chains with the traditional method.

The theory of psychology focuses on the explanation and prediction of individuals by examining specific behavior rather than the expression of an organization or society and on non-objective phenomena rather than an objective, and its importance for the management of the contingency arises from the fact that the function of the individual at any given time must be evaluated based on his conditions and working situations and due to its complex and diverse dimensions, decision making confronts with several choices and criteria which can be examined by multi-criteria analysis. This applied research aims to rank the psychological theories with an accounting approach based on the management of contingencies using the AHP method. The method of this study was a descriptive survey conducted by distributing the questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of elites and accounting experts with over 20 years of job experience in Tehran. Sixty-eight individuals were selected randomly, and the questionnaires were distributed among them. After collecting the research for data analysis using expert choice software, the research, and ranking of the data were done using the AHP technique. The findings of the study indicate that the motivation theory and social psychology theory, and finally, cognitive psychology theory are based on priority order. In other words, in the accounting-based approach to contingency management, most motivational theories are presented and show a higher impact, one of the most important reasons for which can be attributed to the reliance of accounting on individual management

Remittances are one of the financial inflows that can affect the economic growth of emerging and developing countries through the exchange rate volatility channel. Many small open economies are vulnerable to volatilities and changes in capital inflows so that sudden changes in the exchange rate can affect economic growth negatively by declining investment, trade volume, and profitability. In this study, the effect of the factors that have an impact on the real exchange rate volatility has been investigated and empirically analyzed by using Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and Panel Vector Autoregressive (P-VAR) approaches in the selected developing countries including Iran over the period 1980-2017. The results indicated that remittances had a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate volatility of the studied countries so that an increase in remittances caused volatilities in the real exchange rate. In addition, among other explanatory variables, foreign direct investment and government expenditures had the most negative and positive effects on real exchange rate volatilities respectively.