درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Optimizing the financing of Iran's higher education system faces major challenges such as smallness of the private sector, lack of a competitive market in knowledge production, the state's small role in higher education, and also the absence of new financial instruments in the capital market along with the development of the money market. As a result, the most important financing resources and major clients of academic research projects are state-run organizations, which also raise finance through tuition. Apparently, there are a few reasons why the higher education system should change its financing methods to achieve great goals. These reasons include intensified economic sanctions, declined capacity of the state to finance this sector, decreased power of families and firms to cover educational and research expenses through private budgets, and the necessity of making higher education expenses efficient with respect to the need to train the future workforce. The method of this study is a descriptive-qualitative, which was carried out in two stages of the library and the implementation of the Delphi method by referring to 20 experts. Aiming to introduce new instruments to make banking asset-backed securities (of facilities type) to education and research clients (families and firms), this study seeks to prove the hypothesis that the mortgage-backed securities can be employed to achieve the following goals. The first goal is to grant facilities to the students who are financially unable to pay tuition. This relieves the pressure on the Students Welfare Fund. The second goal is to grant business financing facilities to talented students. Finally, the third goal is to finance the firms that have research needs but are unable to cover the expenses through their revenues. Regarding 17 indicators, the research findings indicate that experts reached a consensus (Kendall's W= 0.702).

The international chamber of commerce (ICC) created a generally accepted set of terms called Incoterms 2020 which provides that the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, passes from the seller to the buyer when the seller has fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods. But this rule is based on a false base, which causes number of exception where the goods are delivered but the risk remains on behalf of the seller. In this paper we will prove that the aim of contract is an unexceptional factor which indicates whether the risk has passed through or still is remained. The aim which has a composite nature and preparing the last part of that nature provides reaching of the goal and is the main reason for transferring the risk of the thing then when the buyer's aim from the contracts is achieved the risk of the goods will be transferred to him and when the seller's aim is achieved the risk of the price will be transferred to him. The aim or cause of the obligation in general is; to acquire the property and the possession which are peaceful and useful of the thing to use and enjoy it with security. So each term will be separately being analyzed by theory of the cause of the obligations in civil law of France and we call this theory which defined the goal as a composite nature the virtual spirit level the theory of the spirit level of the risk.