درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Systematic phonics instruction in first language education has recently received considerable research attention due to its critical role in facilitating phonological awareness and processing skills. However, little is known about the effects of systematic phonics instruction on foreign language reading and spelling in an EFL context. This study examined the effects of spelling-based phonics instruction on 9-12 year old Persian speaking learners’ reading and spelling English words. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups: a control group who received non-phonics instruction, and an experimental group who received spelling-based phonics instruction. CORE Phonics Survey (2003), a battery of diagnostic tests and tasks, was used to uncover the effects of phonics on oral reading and word spelling development of the learners. The results of independent-samples t-test revealed that after 10-weeks of instruction, the spelling-based phonics instruction had really significant effects on improving both young Iranian EFL learners’ oral reading and whole word spelling. In other words, the experimental group benefited from spelling-based phonics instruction compared to the group with non-phonics instruction.

حوزه فناوری های رایانه ای، زبان ویژه خود را می سازد. امروزه این حوزه هم به شکل سیستمی غنی از واژگان تخصصی و هم به شکل اصطلاحات حرفه ای نمود پیدا کرده است. در این مقاله به تاریخچه استفاده از اصطلاح «زبان حرفه ای» (Сленг) که از دهه هشتاد سده بیستم در روسیه رواج گسترده ای یافته، پرداخته شده است. در حوزه رایانه، مجموعه اصطلاحات حرفه ای بخش چندلایه ای از واژگان را تشکیل می دهند که می توان آن ها را با استفاده از شیوه تعیین ساختار حوزه معنایی ارائه نمود. ۲۷۸ واحد واژگانی از اصطلاحات حرفه ای در حوزه رایانه که با روش نمونه برداری مستمر از فرهنگ لغت «اصطلاحات حرفه ای جوانان: فرهنگ تفسیری» ت. گ. نیکیتینا استخراج شده اند، در پنج گروه موضوعی توزیع شده اند: ۱- برنامه ها و عملکردها؛ ۲- سیستم ها، سمبل ها و نشانه ها؛ ۳- اعمال و فرمان ها؛ ۴- قطعات و تجهیزات؛ ۵- انسان. در مقاله با استفاده از داده های درصدی، حوزه معنایی واژگان رایانه ای را تعیین می نماییم. گروه چهارم که تجهیزات رایانه را توصیف می کند در جایگاه اول، و اعمال و فرمان ها (گروه سه) که بخش مهمی برای کاربران به شمار می آیند، در جایگاه دوم قرار می گیرند. گروه اول در جایگاه سوم قرار می گیرد و درصد قابل توجهی را به خود اختصاص می دهد؛ زیرا هدایت عمل را تشریح می کند. گروه دوم که سهمی حدود ۹ درصدی در حوزه معنایی واژگان رایانه ای دارد و بی شک از اجزای مهم سیستم مورد اشاره به شمار می آید، جایگاه چهارم را به خود اختصاص می دهد. در جایگاه آخر، گروه «انسان» که این سیستم را به کار می اندازد، قرار می گیرد. به این ترتیب، به کمک ساختار حوزه معنایی، ویژگی های خاص مجموعه واژگانی اصطلاحات حرفه ای حوزه رایانه تعیین می گردد.

در این مقاله به بررسی اثر «کلامی درباره هنگ ایگور» از دیدگاه کاربردشناختی خواهیم پرداخت. مبنای کار، ترجمه واژه به واژه لیخاچف از این اثر است. این اثر به عنوان گفتمان و در چهارچوب تئوری کنش گفتاری جان سیرل بررسی شده است و کنش های گفتاری به کاررفته در آن تفکیک شده اند. چنین رویکردی در تحلیل اثر، این امکان را فراهم می آورد تا بلوک های ارتباطی متن را تفکیک و مقاصد نویسنده را تعیین کنیم که چگونه از طریق تغییر استراتژی ارتباطی گفتار، سعی در تأثیرگذاری بر روی مخاطبان دارد. علاوه براین در مقاله حاضر اهداف منظوری گفتار سایر شخصیت های اثر تعیین شده و تحلیل آماری انواع کنش های گفتاری به کاررفته در آن ارائه می شود. نتایج این پژوهش می تواند برای ترجمه این اثر به زبان های دیگر و نیز برای اهداف آموزشی در کلاس های خارجی زبانان سودمند باشد.

Advertisement has long been used as a tool for informing and attracting audiences in different ways. This study aims at investigating the linguistic tools of advertisement in Persian on the basis of Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar theory. The data of this study were gathered from written and verbal commercial advertisements which were recorded and rewritten in order to investigate verbal groups in the sentences in terms of process and function types and subsequently compare the two bodies. The results showed that material and relational processes had highest frequency in Persian language in terms of ideational metafunction. From the interpersonal metafunction perspective, information function was frequent in most cases. Regarding these factors, there was no significant difference between verbal and written bodies.

The language register used in academic communities has the special features of density, complexity, and abstractness which are associated with nominalization with which new members of the communities might not be familiar. To explore the possible distance between novice and established members regarding their awareness of this grammatical feature, the present study investigated the employment of nominalization in the writings of Iranian graduate students (both MA and PhD students) and experienced figures in applied linguistics. Forty five research articles in the discipline by the three groups of writers served as the corpus of the study. A rigorous analysis began by identifying and outlining nominalization instances manually through and per all rhetorical sections of the articles. The occurrences of the two types of nominal expressions was counted and normalized. So as to detect the possible significant differences between the samples, chi-square tests were run. The results revealed that the experienced writers used significantly more nominalization in their writings. However, although the total nominal expressions used in MA texts were more than those used in PhD texts, the difference turned out not to be significant. There were also similarities and variations in the ranking patterns of the two types of nominalization in four rhetorical sections of the three groups of the articles. It can be concluded that the differences might reflect the distance between the novice and the established authors regarding their awareness of the importance of nominalization in academic writing. The implications of the study for EAP courses were also discussed.

Evolution of languages has always been of interest to linguists. In this paper we study the natural progress of the syllable structure from Old Persian (O.P) to Middle Persian (Mi.P) and up to the Modern Persian (Mo.P). For this purpose all the words containing consonant sequences are collected from specific sources of each of these languages, and then analysed according to the syllabification principles. Pulgram (1970) distinguishes three principles for this matter which is stated in Hyman (2003:279).The first one, is the maximum open syllable principle, the second, the minimum coda and maximum onset principle and the last one is the irregular coda principle. In addition , to find the syllable structure of the words, phonological rules are also applied. Greenberg (1978) suggests a number of rules specifying the collocation constraint of phonemes and phonological structure of the word, which are: Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP), Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) and Syllable Contact Law (SCL). On basis of these rules and principles the clusters are separated from sequences, and the syllable structure of each language is acquired. Finally the progress of the syllable structure change is studied through representing the data from all three languages, and investigating the process taken for clusters to reach the present time. As the data exhibits, in O.P initial consonant clusters are frequently observed and also, through syllabification, some final syllable clusters will be obtained. In Mi.P also both initial and final clusters fully exist, with growing number of final ones. Initial consonant clusters are completely omitted in Mo.P and only final clusters remain. Deletion and vowel insertion are the two most occurring processes in these processes.