مطالب

The purpose of this study was to design a model of organizational insentience (OI) of human resources (HR) in the Iraqi ministry of sports based on grounded theory through a mixed method research. The participants in the qualitative section included 15 managers and experts from the Iraqi ministry of sports, selected through purposive/snowball sampling and theoretical saturation. The sample in the quantitative section, encompassed a convenient sample of 296 managers and experts from Iraqi sports departments. The data collection tools used in this study included a set of semi-structured interviews, and a highly reliable (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.89) researcher-developed questionnaire. The analysis unveiled 123 open codes, 27 axial codes, and 6 selection codes, presented through a six-variable model, encompassing causal, contextual, and intervening factors, the axial phenomenon, strategies, and the outcomes of OI in human resources. The results included identification of the most important components such as leadership and management, organizational culture and communication, organizational structure and processes, environment and working conditions leading to OI in human resources. Additionally, to mitigate this negative complication, strategies such as enhancing motivation and fostering employee participation, improving employees' organizational identity, the researcher suggests implementing a justice-oriented organizational culture, bolstering innovation and creativity within the organization, strengthening inter-organizational cooperation, and reinforcing employee support and counseling systems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the 4E dimensions in developing water sports and recreational tourism resources on Kish Island. The research was applied in purpose and descriptive-survey in method. The statistical population consisted of employees from the Kish Free Zone Organization and the Kish Institute of Sports and Recreational Activities, selected through convenience sampling (N = 257). Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire, whose face and content validity were confirmed by 11 experts in sports management. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability coefficients. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 and Smart PLS version 4. The results demonstrated that Experience (0.844), Esthetic Experience (0.913), Engagement (0.902), Advocacy Commitment (0.830), and Ubiquity (0.887) had significant impacts on the strategic development of sports tourism resources. These findings suggest that managers of sports and marine recreation centers must recognize and leverage these resources to improve performance. This study, by applying the 4E model innovatively, offers new insights into integrating experience, esthetics, engagement, advocacy, and ubiquity to foster the growth of water sports tourism on Kish Island. It highlights a dual achievement: enhancing service quality and supporting sustainable and strategic tourism development in the region.

Sports tourism is one of the key areas of economic and social development that can contribute to cultural transformation and the improvement of international interactions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explain the model of factors influencing the demand for sports tourism in Iraq. The present research is applied in nature, employing a qualitative research method based on grounded theory with the Glaserian approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of professors and experts in sports management, tourism, and sports tourism, managers of tourism agencies, and Ph.D. researchers in sports management. The sample was selected from among the population members using purposive and snowball sampling methods. To gather the necessary information for the research, document study and interviews were employed, and the interviews for this study were conducted from September to December 2023. The research tool was semi-structured interviews with 15 experts, which continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The validity of the research was confirmed by relevant experts, and the reliability was achieved through the intra-subject agreement method, reaching 74%. The results of the study showed that economic dynamism, tourism management, sports events, social and cultural transformation, tourism challenges and opportunities, economic, managerial, political, social, and cultural functions, information technology, and environmental factors were the 11 key categories influencing the demand for sports tourism in Iraq. In this regard, attention to the factors influencing the demand for sports tourism in Iraq and effective management of these factors can help increase the number of sports tourists and contribute to the sustainable development of this industry in the country. Accordingly, the present study introduces a comprehensive model of the factors influencing the demand for sports tourism in Iraq, and the implementation of these strategies can contribute to Iraq’s economic and social growth, positioning the country as a model for sustainable sports tourism development in the region.