درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Currently, distribution of various types of petroleum products is performed exclusively by the government. The high price of land in metropolitan cities, lack of incentive for the private sector to invest in construction of filling station due to the low-income, have caused filling stations to be insufficiently available. One of the solutions to overcome this obstacle is to use the ability of the private sector for distribution of petroleum products. To reduce the government's ownership, the market structure for petroleum products distribution in the country needs to be changed. This change should be firstly done gradually and step by step, and secondly, the government has to monitor this issue at various stages. In this study, three stages are proposed for the market restructuring of the petroleum products distribution in the country, and the conditions and requirements for each stage are separately identified. For the private fuel distributing companies, the most important problem is the economic issue and having profit. On the other hand, since the product price is still subsidized in the country, therefore, it is indispensable that the amount of commission fee should be determined in such a way that the activity for private companies is economically justified. In this study, the amount of products commision fee is calculated concerning capital and operatational expenditures, using the engineering economics method in different situations by COMFAR version 3 software.

Expanding use of renewable energies (RE) around the world is a critical mission to reach to global environmental policies. Largest share of global energy mix relates to deployable and carbon-intensive fossil fuels. So, it is necessary to create proper incentives for investors to invest in RE in order to move toward low carbon economy. In this regard, one of the implemented policies is imposing tax on using deployable energies which includes tax on both energy consumption and motor vehicle transportation. This paper investigates impact of environmental tax policy on investors’ behavior for 13 leading selected developed and developing countries during the period 2004-2016. Based on economic theory, investment, particularly in capital-intensive energy industries would have a long gestation period. To capture this feature and evaluate dynamic relations of investments in RE, a partial-adjustment dynamic model is applied and estimated using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method. The results show that imposing tax on fossil fuel energy consumption and transportation systems, in particular that use fossil fuels, has a significant negative and positive impact on investing in RE, respectively. Also, empirical results demonstrate that there is a significant negative relation between interest rate (IR) and Investments in Renewable Energies (IRE).

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of monetary policy on changes in the price of financial assets (including foreign exchange, gold and stocks) in Iranian economy. In this regard, this paper answers whether monetary policy could lead to regime changes in asset markets. To answer this question, monthly data during the years 1995 to 2017 and a combination of Markov Switching and Probit methods were used. First, using Markov Switching method, each market was divided into two high-volatility and low-volatility regimes with different average returns, and then, by a Probit model, the effect of monetary policy on the probability of markets being exposed to these regimes was studied. The results of this study show that in all three markets, the Markov Switching model offers better fit than the linear model, which indicates the occurrence of regime changes in the markets. The results of the Probit model show that monetary policy in all three markets is effective on their regime changes, and an expansionary monetary policy will strengthen the position of all three markets in the high-volatility regime with a positive average return. Also, inflation is also one of the factors affecting regime changes in all three markets. The market situation in the past period as well as the situation of other markets are among the factors that lead to regime changes in asset markets. The sanctions imposed on Iran's economy in the currency and gold markets are among the factors that have strengthened the likelihood of changing the regime of these two markets to a volatile environment.

In this paper, we dealt with fiscal dominance, which is a situation in which the fiscal authority sets its expenditure and taxes without regard to any requirement of intertemporal budget balance. Therefore, the monetary authority must adjust its policies to ensure that the government budget is in balance. The existence of oil revenues for the government on the one hand and its lack of access to the financial market, on the other hand, are reasons that we can see financial repression and fiscal dominance in the economy of Iran. This paper presents forward-looking estimates of the relationship between the change in the consolidated primary deficit and the change in the monetary base. This study covers the period 1978-2017, and an autoregressive approach is applied. We conclude that using the budget data only, the existence of fiscal dominance cannot be rejected.

Controlling the business cycle and minimizing the inflation gap are considered as two major goals for monetary policy. Hence, the policymaker will be able to make more decisive decisions with an awareness of the dynamic relationship and causal relationship between these two variables. Accordingly, the present study uses a discrete and continuous wavelet transform to provide a new understanding of the relationship between these two variables in Iran's economy during the years 1990:2 – 2017:1. According to the results of the research, in the short-run (less than one year), the causal relationship has been bidirectional and procyclical. In the medium run (1 to 4 years), the causal relationship is countercyclical and from the inflation gap to the business cycle. In the long run (4 to 8 years), the business cycle is leading, and the two variables are in phase. Besides, the relationship between variables is highly unstable over time and depends on different scales. Therefore, inflation in Iran's economy is not merely a monetary phenomenon, and in the medium-term is affected by changes in the real sector. According to the results of the research, for the output and the inflation to be stable, it is recommended that the policymaker take both goals simultaneously.