درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Isomorphism is the process by which organizations become more similar to each other over time. The purpose of this study was to explore how previous research has examined this phenomenon in sports organizations. We used a semi-systematic approach to conduct the research. In conducting and reporting the review we followed the four stages that are outlined by Snyder (2019). A total of 126 articles underwent an abstract review process, from which 26 articles were extracted. Finally, 13 qualitative articles that related to the research objectives were reviewed. We conducted a content analysis of 13 articles on isomorphism in sport. The articles were published in a variety of academic journals between 1990 and 2023. 8 main themes are presented: Type of isomorphism, Mechanism of isomorphism, Consequences of Isomorphism in Sport Organizations, Function of Isomorphism, Strategies for response to pressure, institutional logics, Application of Isomorphism in Sports Organizations, Managing Isomorphism in Sport Organizations. Results showed isomorphism in sport organizations is driven by three primary mechanisms: coercive isomorphism, mimetic isomorphism, and normative isomorphism. In conclusion, isomorphism is a complex phenomenon that can have both positive and negative consequences for sport organizations. By understanding the mechanisms of isomorphism and carefully managing its effects, sport organizations can leverage its benefits while maintaining their strategic autonomy and fostering a culture of innovation and adaptation.

This study examines whether the geographic distribution of lacrosse talent, as indicated by NCAA Division I All-American awards, has shifted from traditional hotbed states Maryland and New York to other regions over the past 25 years. Data on NCAA Division I All-American lacrosse players from 2000 to 2024 were collected and divided into five periods: 2000-2004, 2005-2009, 2010-2014, 2015-2019, and 2020-2024. The number and percentage of award winners from each state were calculated, and the number of states represented each year was tracked. This was compared with the growth in high school lacrosse participation. Maryland and New York's dominance decreased from 75.0% of All-American winners in 2000-2004 to 39.1% in 2020-2024. Concurrently, high school lacrosse participation grew from 46,206 in 2002-2003 to 107,865 in 2021-2022. The number of states represented increased from 8 in 2002 to 16 in 2024, indicating broader talent distribution. The decreased dominance of Maryland and New York suggests a diversification of lacrosse talent, aligning with nationwide participation growth and more states producing All-American players. This diversification highlights the successful expansion of the sport, ensuring a more inclusive talent pool and reflecting the positive impact of increased access to lacrosse across the country. Lacrosse development programs and recruitment strategies should expand beyond traditional hotbeds to support emerging regions, fostering a more inclusive and diverse talent pool, and enhancing the sport's growth at all levels.

Background: Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) is a new neuro-modulatory technique.Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a-tDCS on dynamic balance after exhaustion.Material and Methods: Fifteen endurance-trained men voluntarily attended five separate sessions. In the first session, Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was measured. Then, the participants were randomly assigned to four different conditions: 1. Mental fatigue (MF)+a-tDCS, 2. MF+sham (s-tDCS), 3. a-tDCS, and 4. s-tDCS. In each session, after dynamic balance measurement, the participants were exposed to the conditions and received 20 min of anodal tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Then, the participants performed a submaximal endurance activity at 70% of MAS until exhaustion. Immediately after exhaustion, dynamic balance was measured again.Results: After exhaustion, the dynamic balance of the right leg under the a-tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MF+s-tDCS (P= 0.008). The dynamic balance significantly decreased from pre- to post-test in MF+s-tDCS and s-tDCS conditions (P= 0.0001). In the left leg, the dynamic balance under the a-tDCS condition was significantly higher than MF+s-tDCS (P= 0.025).Conclusions: Anodal stimulation of the DLPFC could be beneficial for the dynamic balance and may have a protective effect against the negative consequence of exhausting activity on the dynamic balance in endurance-trained men.

The main purpose of the present study was to determine the factors affecting the establishment of sports knowledge-based companies based on electronic knowledge. To pursue this aim, Glaser's grounded theory was used as the qualitative research method. 16 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with academic and industry experts in the field of sports using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. Data analysis was performed in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, and the preliminary list of factors was identified through initial library studies. The 105 values affecting the development of sports knowledge-based companies based on electronic knowledge were extracted through the open coding process. The final pattern was created using the results of axial coding, which revealed the identification of 12 subcategories, falling into two main categories: intra-organization (human resources, management, marketing, legal, and financial factors) and extra-organization (educational/creativity and innovation factors, economic, cultural-social, infrastructure, legal, policy-making, and support/protection). According to the findings of the study, the professional and comprehensive view of managers and scientific and executive officials on these mentioned factors can change the ecosystem of sports entrepreneurship in Iran, providing the necessary context and infrastructure, as well as the sports community's interest in entrepreneurship and the formation of knowledge-based companies. This is, of course, accompanied by long-term job opportunities for activists in this sector as well as the development of new and inventive ideas, goods, and services.

Purpose: Haematological, hormonal, biochemical and physical performance parameters were altered after long-term soccer training in professional soccer players. These alterations can be influenced by different contextual factors such as playing surface, training load, duration of training and competition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the haematological, inflammatory, antioxidant and physical performance of beach soccer players during the competitive season of the beach soccer. Method: The study examined 15 elite beach soccer players in Iranian beach soccer primer league (age 24.64 ± 4.01 y, weight 75.08 ± 8.15 kg, height 181.00 ± 5.17 cm, body mass index 22.76 ± 2.36) from the pre-season, mid-season and end-season. Measurements of haematological, inflammatory, antioxidants indices and aerobic / anaerobic power were repeated in the pre-season, mid-season and end-season. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine indicators change during league season. Results: Significant decrease in SOD (p = 0.001), TAC (p = 0.043) and anaerobic power (p ≤ 0.048) and significant increase in GPx (p = 0.001), ALT (p = 0.022) was observed from pre-season to the end of the season. LDH levels showed a significant increase in the mid-season compared to the pre-season (p = 0.042) and a significant decrease at the end of the season compared to the mid-season(p = 0.014). However, no significant changes were observed in other indices during the competition season(p ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: It is suggested that some physical and physiological fatigue markers ar increase during mid-season. Therefore, beach soccer players may be  monitored  continuously during the competition season in order to be able to provide the best training, nutrition and recovery systems for performance optimization. Coaches may use the interplay between biomarker alterations and physical performance changes to better manage workload and monitor fatigue during beach soccer training and competition.

Purpose: This study was conducted aiming to investigate the effect of selected TRX and Pilates training on balance parameters, fatigue index, and quality of life in female patients of multiple sclerosis. Method: In this study, 30 female patients with MS in Isfahan city with an average age of 37.41 ± 7.57 years and a history of MS of 11.31 ± 3.77 years and an Expanded Disability Status Scale of 0.84 ± 1.81 were placed in three groups including control, TRX and Pilates groups. The training program consisted of eight weeks including 3 sessions of 60 minutes of exercise per week. In order to investigate balance, fatigue, and quality of life, the Berg test, Fatigue Severity Scale, and Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life were used respectively. SPSS version 25 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: The results of this study have shown that both exercise programs have led to a significant improvement in the mean parameters of balance (P < 0.005), fatigue (P < 0.005), and quality of life (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Considering the noticeable impact of these training protocols on the quality of life, balance and fatigue, these interventions can be considered as an efficient and cost-effective methods to improve health condition in MS patients.