درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This research intends to explore the efficacious English teachers’ goals and strategies to effectively manage their own as well as their students’ emotions. The data of the study included interviews with 22 English teachers and 92 diary journals kept by 12 teachers who were among the top 20% of ELTEI (ELT teacher efficacy instrument) scorers and identified as efficacious English teachers. The results indicated that teachers’ goals for regulating their positive emotions included maintaining authority in relation to students, presenting unbiased teacher character, and enhancing teaching effectiveness. For regulating negative emotions, the goals included maintaining the teacher and students’ mental health, promoting teacher-student relationships, and reinforcing the image of teachers as moral guides. Teachers also used a variety of antecedent-focused and response-focused strategies hierarchically for effective emotion management including situation selection, situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation. The findings were discussed with reference to the role of culture in emotion regulation and effectiveness of different sub-strategies. The results may promise some implications for teacher education programs and teacher educators about the inclusion of professional development opportunities for EFL teachers in terms of effective emotion management

Although decades of research have well elaborated on teacher professional development, we still do not have a thorough picture about what teacher professional development could entail and what components it consists of. The present study aims to develop and validate a teacher professional development scale in an Iranian English foreign language context. An initial tentative model with 130 items was piloted and tested through exploratory and confirmatory data analyses on a sample of 400 EFL teachers. This level resulted in the removal of 28 items in our sample loaded, resulting in a final 102 teacher professional development inventory. The developed inventory measures the extent to which EFL teachers are professionally developed and makes teachers aware of multiple characteristics of professionally developed teachers. These competencies are essential components of teacher professional development, enabling the teachers to utilize them in everyday teaching and learning practices in the classroom settings which, as a result, leads to student achievement. As teachers fulfill important professional roles, they need valid instruments to assess their day-to-day functioning in the class. With the instrument developed and validated in the current research, we, in fact, allow language teachers to assess their extent of professional development in different pedagogical contexts.

The concept of teacher change is critical in second language teaching and English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context due largely to the fact that, almost, whatever we do in teacher education looks for initiating change of one sort or another. A substantial body of research has been dedicated to investigate teacher change (TC) from various perspectives. However, having studied the related literature, we found no robust, valid and reliable measure for TC in EFL context. Accordingly, effort was made to develop and validate a reliable and valid measure that could assess TC in an EFL context. The review of the prior research resulted in the collection of 186 items affecting TC out of which a temporary data driven model of teacher change was developed. 324 Ph.D. and M.A. graduated EFL teachers took part in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the initial measure. Finally, a 66-item scale consisting of three components and thirteen sub-components was developed.The results showed both factorial validity andinternal consistency reliability for the measure.The TCSsubscales also had strong validity evidence based on the associationsfound. This study has various applications for language teachers and practitioners in the field.

Task difficulty across different macro-genres continues to remain among less attended areas in second language development studies. This study examined the correlation between task difficulty across the descriptive, narrative, argumentative, and expository macro-genres. The three components of task difficulty (i.e., code complexity, cognitive complexity, and communicative stress) were also compared in the four macro-genres. The design included the administration of short reading texts with comparable length and readability indices based on the four macro-genres followed by task difficulty questionnaire. The macro-genre-based reading textsalong with the task difficulty questionnaire were administered to 50 EFL students in the University ofLorestan, Iran. Task difficulty questionnaire explored the learners’ perceptions of task difficulty in the code complexity, cognitive complexity, and communicative stress domains. The results revealed that there were no significant differences among the task difficulty components in the four macro-genre-based text types. The findings also showed that there was no significant correlation between task difficulty of each macro-genre with those of the other genres except thoseofthe narrative and expository genres.The findings hold implications for the use of macro-genres with different task difficulty indices in task-oriented programs, teacher training, and testing.

به طور کلی، ارزیابی برنامه ی درسی جهت کنترل کارکرد یک واحد درسی از اهمیت بسزایی برخوردار می باشد. بدینگونه که ما می توانیم مطمئن شویم که یک واحد درسی اهداف مورد نظر خود را برآورده می کند و در نتیجه خواسته ها و نیازهای یادگیرندگان را مد نظر قرار می دهد. در این راستا، عملکرد آموزشی واحد درسی «نثر ساده و متون مطبوعاتی» که برای دانشجویان دوره ی کارشناسی در دانشگاه تبریز ارائه می شود و توسط نویسنده ی این مقاله تدریس می شود مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور، روش ارزیابی درسی براون (1995)، طبق اهداف و نیازهای درس فوق، مورد بازبینی قرار گرفته و از پنج عنصر به هفت عنصر افزایش یافت: اهداف، دیدگاه ها، نیازسنجی، زمان، فعالیت های کلاسی، مطالب، و ارزشیابی. به منظور جمع آوری داده های کمی و کیفی روش ترکیبی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. داده های کمی از طریق پرسشنامه جمع آوری شد که شامل 35 مورد بر پایه ی عناصر درسی بود، یعنی پنج مورد برای هر عنصر. همچنین، داده های کیفی از طریق مصاحبه ی نیمه ساختار یافته جمع آوری شد. تعداد 36 نفر دانشجوی دوره ی کارشناسی در این تحقیق شرکت داشتند: 12 نفر پسر و 24 نفر دختر. نتایج مطالعه نشان می دهد که این واحد درسی می تواند در گسترش دادن دانش زبانی، فرهنگی، و اجتماعی دانشجویان بسیار موثر باشد. با این وجود، بایستی تغییراتی در آن انجام شود تا بیشتر مفید واقع گردد. بدیهی است هفت عنصر برنامه درسی پیشنهادی توسط نویسنده ی این مقاله می تواند جهت بررسی هر واجد درسی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

This study sought to examine the relationship between the use of formative -efficacy. Moreover, this study investigated the relationships and interactions between the EFL use of formative assessment strategies, their gender, level of experience, and sense of self-efficacy. This is a descriptive ex post facto design study which employed a three- assessment strategies f self-efficacy. In order to collect data, sixty-one EFL teachers, including thirty-one female and thirty male participants who were selected through convenience sampling, completed the questionnaire. Multiple statistical strategies were employed to analyze the research questions of the study. The use of formative assessment strategies was positively correlated with their sense of self-efficacy. However, the results of eta correlation coefficients revealed that there formative assessment strategies and two other variables of gender and level of experience. Finally, the results of a three way factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) evinced that there was no statistically significant interaction between the strategies -efficacy, their gender, and level of experience. Therefore, when the teachers become more aware of the ways to implement formative assessment strategies to inform instruction, their sense of self-efficacy can increase. This study has some implications in language testing, English pedagogy, and syllabus design and materials development.

در تحقیق حاضر، محققان انجام روش های تحقیق اقدام پژوهی(action research) را که در سال های اخیر رنگ و بوی نظام مند به خود گرفته است با استناد به انجام تحقیقی در این قالب به چالش کشیده اند. در پژوهش انجام گرفته بر روی پانزده دانشجوی فارسی زبان در رشته بهداشت (خانواده و محیط)، تدریس نوشتار دانشگاهی در ژانر مقاله نویسی در مدت یک ترم تحصیلی به طریق اقدام پژوهی صورت پذیرفت. مشکلات دانشجویان 1) در انتخاب موضوع و 2) سخن پردازی در موضوعات منتخب آنان دو چالشی بود که سنجش دو نوع روایی را بر اساس مدل اندرسون (1994) شامل روایی فرایندی(process validity) و فروگشا(catalytic) برای محققان دشوار ساخت.

Lexical inferencing is one of the most important strategies in vocabulary learning and it plays an important role in dealing with unknown words in a text. In this regard, the aim of this study was to determine the lexical inferencing strategies used by Iranian EFL learners when they encounter unknown words at both text and sentence levels. To this end, forty lower intermediate students were divided into two groups. For the first group, a text with 10 underlined words was given and for the second group, the same underlined words were given in separate sentences. The students were supposed to read the text and the sentences and to guess the meaning of the underlined words. Then some lexical inferencing strategies were given to them to determine which strategies they used in guessing the meaning of unknown words. The results showed that they used different strategies like using local context and word association in lexical inferencing and also they were more successful at the text level than the sentence one. The results also indicated that they were strategic learners using their own strategies including translation and cultural background knowledge to guess the meaning of the unknown words.

Professional development and professional identity of English language teachers have usually been explored separately in the research agenda. However, there might be a nexus of relationships between professional identity and professional development in the context of English language teaching. This study, therefore, explored how professional identity might contribute to professional development of English language teachers. To this end, 60 English language teachers from inner, 60 from outer, and 60 from expanding circle of language use were sampled to fill in a questionnaire which was constructed and validated by the researchers. The study concluded that language teachers’ professional development could be theorized on a development of past-present-aspirational identity. It was also found that language teachers’ professional identity could be improved through development of interpersonal relations, system of knowledge and belief, and intrapersonal identity that would be considered as sub-identities of English language teachers’ professional identity.

نظر به لزوم یادگیری حجم بالای از لغات و دسترسی اندک زبان آموز به اطلاعات لازم در محیط آموزشی زبان، بررسی تکنیک های تسهیل کننده یادگیری لغات اجتناب ناپذیر است. هدف پژوهش حاضر مقایسه تاثیر حاشیه نویسی تصویری با تدریس ریخت شناسی بر توانایی استنباط لغوی فراگیران ایرانی زبان انگلیسی در سطح متوسط بوده است. برای اطمینان از هم سطح بودن زبان آموزان و ایجاد یک نمونه همگن از شرکت کنندگان، انتخاب آن ها از طریق آزمون استاندارد PET انجام شد و محققین آنها را میان دو گروه آزمایش و یک گروه کنترل تقسیم کردند. پیش از شروع دوره آموزش، تمام گروه ها در پیش آزمون استنباط لغوی که به صورت تست خودسنجی بود شرکت کردند. این دوره تحقیقی شامل 6 هفته تدریس استنباط لغوی لغات ناآشنا بود که در متون انگلیسی زیر آنها خط کشیده و پر رنگ شده بودند. در تمام گروه ها مقدار تدریس و نوع مواد آموزشی یکسان بود با این تفاوت که به یک گروه ریخت شناسی تدریس شد و در گروه دیگر از حاشیه نویسی تصویری استفاده شد. شایان ذکر است، در گروه کنترل از روش های سنتی یادگیری لغات بهره گرفته شد و فراگیران هیچ دسترسی به حاشیه نویسی تصویری و ویژگی های ریخت شناسی لغات نداشتند. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه پیش آزمون و پس آزمون استنباط لغوی که توسط محققین ساخته و استاندارد شده بود، هیچ تفاوت معناداری میان عملکرد زبان آموزانی که به آنها ریخت شناسی لغوی تدریس شده بود با عملکرد زبان آموزان گروه کنترل نشان نداد. یافته ها اثبات کرد عملکرد گروه آزمایشی که به آن حاشیه نویسی تصویر داده شده بود به طور معناداری از گروه ریخت شناسی بهتر بود. از این رو، محققین امیدوارند نتایج این تحقیق بتواند گامی نو در جهت رفع بسیاری از مشکلاتی را که مدرسان و فراگیران زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی در حدس زدن لغات ناآشنای موجود در متن با آنها روبرو هستند از میان بردارد.