درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose- Rural elites, as the most important human capitals of rural communities, are a distinct and progressive stratum in various dimensions of development, and their persistence in villages can be effective in accelerating the process of rural development. Nonetheless, studies show that due to various reasons, elites are less persistent in villages and often migrate to cities. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the causes of elites' migration and how to attract the elites’ participation in the process of rural development in Kurdistan province.Design/Method/Approach- This study was conducted in the framework of interpretative-constructive paradigm and the research method is thematic analysis. In-depth individual semi-structured interviews were employed to collect data.Findings- The results showed two overarching themes namely rural repulsion (including six organizing themes: family and social determinism, weak infrastructure, geographical isolation, environmental challenges, weak economic conditions and weak local and regional management) and urban attraction (including four organizing themes: personal improvement, economic opportunities, social opportunities, and the use of infrastructures and facilities) are the most important causes of rural elites’ migration. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the elites’ participation in rural development could be possible through three overarching themes namely empowering villagers (including four organizing themes: capacity assessment, skill training, strengthening vitality, raising the level of villagers' demands), developing employment and entrepreneurship (including two organizing themes: promoting innovation and economic investment) and efficient rural management (including two organizing themes: managing social challenges and occupying managerial positions).Originality/value- The rural elites’ migration is accompanied by many negative consequences for rural communities. Nevertheless, there is a gap in studies regarding its causes and especially how to attract their participation in the process of rural development. The present study can be a basis for future researches in this field.

While we want to assess whether a person is suitable to lead a country, usually we will think about an important keyword—the ability of governance. However, it is an irrational expectation if we are asking a national leader to be self-disciplined and accountable to the people and the country. On the other hand, the people always got the same question, why a lot of leaders performed better at first but they usually faced with negative comments or the trials at last, or even being imprisoned for a long time? The major character in this article is Omar Al-Bashir, he is a former president of Sudan, he has been overthrown by the people’s force in 2019—a so-called successful “revolution” in Sudan. The overthrown of Omar Al-Bashir showed an example of unsuccessful governance in causing to this successful revolution. The article aims to show the governance weaknesses of Omar Al-Bashir in Sudan, and discuss how these weaknesses caused the revolution.      .

Today, there is a new trend in architecture called "architecture for tourism", That one of the emphasized principles of it is the value of the traditional architecture of tourism in sustaining, sustainable tourism. In fact, the appearance of this new approach responds to the changes that have been made in the geography of the tourism market in the postmodern era, due to the changing needs and interests of tourists to exclusive and unique destinations. As regards that the native architecture of each region, reflecting its economic, social, cultural and environmental conditions, is an appropriate response to the principle of uniqueness in the competitive tourism market. The main emphasis of architectural tendency for tourism is the design and construction of tourism structures with the native architecture approach. In this regard this stem-applied research that is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, and its information has collected from two sources of documentation in the field of questionnaires distributed among 100 tourists and experts in the field of tourism, architecture and geography in the village of Palangan, Kurdistan province as one of the important hubs of rural tourism and native architecture of the country, With the aim of explaining, analyzing, introducing and emphasizing on the importance and impact of the design and construction of tourism structures in rural tourism development, the aim of this approach is to use this approach in the field of rural tourism development. The results of the research show that the design and construction of tourism structures with the native architecture approach is capable of realizing the principle of uniqueness, satisfying the needs of residents and the welfare of tourists, and ultimately realizing the principle of satisfaction of tourists, in order to be able to according to the results of correlation, The side of the native architecture will move in the construction and design of tourism structures; we will see more and more favorable development of rural tourism.