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The importance of studying teachers' professional well-being has increased greatly in recent years. However, researchers have not paid enough attention to how teachers' levels of immunity, buoyancy, and emotion regulation (ER) in the classroom all play a role in shaping teachers’ L2 grit and mindfulness. This research seeks to address this gap in the literature by presenting a model of the dynamic interaction of teacher immunity (TI), teacher buoyancy (TB), teacher emotion regulation (TER), L2 grit, and teacher mindfulness (TM). To gather this information, 519 English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers were given surveys measuring their levels of mindfulness in the classroom using the language teacher immunity instrument (LTII), teacher buoyancy scale (TBS), Teacher Emotion Regulation Inventory (LTERI), the L2-teacher grit scale (L2TGS), and Mindfulness in Teaching Scale (MTS). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) results indicated that EFL instructors who achieved a healthy state of immunity (TI), TER, L2 grit had higher levels of L2 grit, and TM. The research winds down with implications and future directions for relevant stakeholders to improve their understanding of the relationship between TI, TB, TER, L2 grit, and TM interactions and their potential to provide favorable educational results for EFL learners.

Teachers’ beliefs play a determining role in the decisions they make and the strategies they employ to foster learner autonomy. Therefore, their beliefs and the strategies they use to foster autonomy merit additional empirical evidence. This study investigated the beliefs of 85 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Kurdish teachers towards learner autonomy and examined the influence of their experience in this regard. The data was collected using a newly developed questionnaire addressing learner autonomy from eight dimensions; the questionnaire encouraged teachers to reflect on their beliefs relating to learner autonomy. The findings indicated that teachers generally possess positive attitudes towards learner autonomy. Experienced teachers placed significantly greater emphasis on the psychological and political factors, the contributions of learner autonomy, and learning materials. The qualitative data indicated that both novice and experienced teachers stressed the importance of promoting autonomy through learner-centered teaching methods and student engagement. Experienced teachers employed more varied teaching methods and assessment techniques. While novice teachers preferred direct observation of their students during tasks and activities, experienced teachers adopted a more hands-off approach. The study underscores teachers' commitment to fostering independent learning across different dimensions of teaching practices. The differences in beliefs and strategies between novice and experienced teachers highlight the transformative impact of teaching experience on the promotion of learner autonomy. The findings implied that professional development programs should focus on shaping teachers’ beliefs towards using teaching strategies that foster autonomy.

Performance testing including the use of rating scales has become highly widespread in the evaluation of second/foreign oral assessment. However, few studies have used a pre-, post-training design investigating the impact of a training program on the reduction of raters’ biases to the rating scale categories resulting in increase in their consistency measures. Besides, no study has used MFRM including the facets of test takers’ ability, raters’ severity, task difficulty, group expertise, scale category, and test version all in a single study. 20 EFL teachers rated the oral performances produced by 200 test takers before and after a training program using an analytic rating scale including fluency, grammar, vocabulary, intelligibility, cohesion and comprehension categories. The outcome of the study indicated that MFRM can be used to investigate raters’ scoring behavior and can result in enhancement in rater training and validating the functionality of the rating scale descriptors. Training can also result in higher levels of interrater consistency and reduced levels of severity/leniency; however, it cannot turn raters into duplicates of one another, but can make them more self-consistent. Training helped raters use the descriptors of the rating scale more efficiently of its various band descriptors resulting in reduced halo effect. Finally, the raters improved consistency and reduced rater-scale category biases after the training program. The remaining differences regarding bias measures could probably be attributed to the result of different ways of interpreting the scoring rubrics which is due to raters’ confusion in the accurate application of the scale.

The coronavirus pandemic affected education enormously, and despite numerous previous efforts to achieve digitalization, virtual teaching revealed deficiencies in both the EFL teachers’ digital competence and in the peripheral use of Information and communication technologies (ICTs). This study focused on a sample group to analyze the relationship between the implementation of this model and the pre-pandemic digital approach in order to identify deficiencies that need to be strengthened to achieve increasingly effective integration of blended learning. A questionnaire was used to collect data from participating teachers in the areas of school digital strategy, digital competence, and teaching practice in blended learning. The data were analyzed through structural equation models, verifying the relation between variables and also according to specific training on ICTs. An active but insufficient effort on the part of the participants’ schools to promote digitalization was revealed. The implementation of blended learning has been favored more by the responsiveness of participating EFL teachers than by the provision of specific training on the part of schools, which lacked common guidelines from the public administration. These EFL teachers can respond to changes, but the schools’ support is essential for the successful implementation of blended learning, updating the approach of the digital strategy adopted so far.

This study examines the effect of the 4/3/2 technique on Iranian EFL learners' speaking fluency while also investigating the moderating role of working memory (WM). The study involved sixty EFL learners attending a language institute in Shiraz. The participants, aged 14 to 18, all shared Persian as their first language and had pre-intermediate proficiency in English. A pretest-posttest control group design was employed, with participants randomized into experimental and control groups. The 4/3/2 technique was implemented in the experimental group (EG), where learners performed a monologue task thrice, each under increasing time constraints. The control group (CG) received teacher-fronted sessions. Pre- and post-test measures of L2 oral fluency were collected using syllables per minute, with WM span assessed using a reading-span test. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in oral fluency in the EG compared to the CG. Furthermore, learners with higher WM demonstrated greater gains in fluency following the intervention. The findings suggest that the 4/3/2 technique holds promise for enhancing speaking fluency in EFL learners, with individual differences in WM span influencing the effectiveness of the intervention. These findings have implications for language teaching pedagogy and underscore the importance of considering cognitive factors in language learning interventions. The implications of this study extend to various stakeholders in language education, including language teachers, learners, materials developers, syllabus designers, policymakers, and teacher educators. By integrating these insights into language instruction and teacher training programs, educators and policymakers can work towards fostering more effective and engaging language learning experiences for learners

The present study compares the motivation of Burundi junior high school students from urban and rural settings to learn L2 French and L3 English, mainly focusing on Dörnyei’s (2005, 2009) L2 Motivational Self System. A total of 348 (grade 7 through 9) pupils participated in the present study which used a 40-item questionnaire to collect the data. The results indicated that the students from both learning contexts have distinct motivational dispositions for learning both French and English. French is more popular among rural school learners while English enjoys more popularity among urban school students. Moreover, region-specific differences were found in the participants with learners from rural schools exhibiting more positive motivation to learn both languages than their urban counterparts. The results also revealed that, independent of the region, L2 learning experience and ideal L2 self were the two variables that respectively predicted most the students’ intended effort to learn each target language. One region and language-related difference was that the variable of international posture emerged as a significant contributor to the students’ intended language learning effort only among urban school learners uniquely in relation to their English learning. In the light of the results of this study, pedagogical implications are provided.

Résumé Ce présent article a pour objet d’étudier l’amitié politique de Romain Rolland (1866-1944) avec Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) afin de mettre en évidence « la non-violence » comme le principe de toute paix constante. De plus, la violence (la guerre) et la non-violence (la sagesse) sont deux termes contradictoires qui rapprochent non seulement la France de l’Inde, mais représentent Romain Rolland et Gandhi comme les pionniers de la paix et de l’indépendance nationale. En s’inspirant de Gandhi, l’auteur français croit qu’il faut appliquer la tactique de la non-violence pour sauver l’humanité, car celle-ci est corrompue par le manque d’une foi ardente : la dignité humain est liée à la foi divine. En outre, la motivation de Romain Rolland pour la réception de la méthode de Gandhi se justifie par un Moi divin qui s’oppose au Moi individuel. On s’efforcera de montrer l’importance de la sagesse dans les échanges sociopolitiques entre ces deux penseurs engagés et d’en extraire le motif de tout combat singulier.

Frankenstein ou Prométhée moderne écrit par Mary Shelley au début du XIXe siècle est un roman de science-fiction de style gothique. Dans ce roman, la création et l'apparition d'une créature innocente qui n’a joué aucun rôle dans sa création, dont les actions sont sataniques mais comprises en même temps par l’indulgence du lecteur, constituent le cœur du roman. L’intervention de Prométhée dans le titre du roman fait penser à diverses versions du mythe grec de la création, y compris celle de Prométhée le Titan, créateur de l’homme et celle de Zeus créateur de l’homme, à qui Prométhée désobéit pour aider cette créature dépourvue de tout moyen de survivre. Cependant, le nom de Prométhée n’apparait que dans le titre et nulle part autre. D’autre part, vers la fin du même siècle, André Gide produit une œuvre compliquée, au titre transgressif du Prométhée mal enchaîné, contenant plusieurs personnages empruntés au mythe eschyléen et aux écrits romantiques de Goethe et de Shelley ; si bien que cet écrit donne lieu à différentes interprétations opposées ou identiques au mythe, celles du héros sacrifié et celles du héros révolté et libéré. La question que l’on s’est posée concerne cette apparition en plein milieu du romantisme anglais du début de XIXe siècle, puis vers la fin du même siècle, quand les écrivains influencés par le romantisme font le pont vers le symbolisme : quelle en est la raison ? Nos appuis méthodologiques seront la recherche documentaire en bibliothèque et l’analyse du discours.

Cet article a pour objet d’étudier le Culte du Moi de Maurice Barrès (1862-1923) afin de mettre en valeur « l’identification » et « la découverte de soi » étant une mesure convenable pour distinguer le moi réel du moi irréel. Autrement dit, la trilogie de l’auteur français (Sous l’œil des Barbares, Un Homme libre et le Jardin de Bérénice) constitue le fondement d’une étude emblématique où les personnages du roman comme Philippe, Simon et Bérénice s’aident à argumenter que l’autonomie de l’esprit provient de la volonté subjective non pas de l’acte objectif. Ceci dit, Maurice Barrès s’efforce de justifier l’image d’un Moi narcissique dans la société française du XXème siècle où le nationalisme et le patriotisme exigent l’engagement moral lorsqu’il s’agit d’une quête introspective. Nous tenterons également de montrer la réflexion de Barrès à propos du Narcissisme et d’en extraire les motivations qui le rendent un écrivain purement novateur.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of immediate corrective feedback and delayed corrective feedback on EFL learners’ speaking fluency and speaking anxiety. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design with two experimental and no control groups. The participants consisted of 42 intermediate Iranian EFL learners at an English Institute in Tehran who were randomly assigned to two experimental groups. The instruments of the study included: the PET, teacher-made pre- and post-tests, and a speaking anxiety questionnaire. After the pre-test, the participants went through a ten session treatment during which the first experimental group received immediate corrective feedback while the second group received delayed corrective feedback. After the treatment process, a posttest was administered to both experimental groups to examine the effect of the treatment. Moreover, the participants in both groups filled in the speaking anxiety questionnaire to identify their anxiety level during in-class activities as well as those instructor’s behaviors and characteristics which might reduce their anxiety in class. The recorded data were transcribed and analyzed. The results indicated that delayed corrective feedback has a positive effect on EFL learners’ fluency and it also decreased their anxiety level.