مسعود احمدی افزادی

Studying and understanding the social, economic, and political structures of Iron Age communities is a significant aspect of archaeological research of this period. Until now, much of the archaeological research on the Iron Age in Iran has focused largely on the typological study and comparison of findings from cemetery excavations, with less attention given to the study and reconstruction of the various aspects of the social, economic, and political structures of communities from this period. Most researchers to date have regarded the people of the Iron Age in Iran as communities lacking organized administrative and political structures, and based on the limited number of settlement sites, have described them as nomadic herders. However, the study, interpretation, and analysis of findings from settlement sites of this period in Central Iran have revealed new perspectives on the presence of socio-economic and political institutions and organizational structures. The discovery of a piece of grey pottery with a cylinder seal impression at Chaltasian Tepe, Varamin, alongside other evidence from significant and large settlement sites of the Iron Age, provides us with evidence of socio-economic institutions during the Iron Age

Gender archaeology, the study of gender differences between men and women throughout history, is a significant subject that has evolved into a proper, prominent science in recent decades. Proto-Elamite is among the periods that give us great information regarding the status of genders. The abundance of tablets found from this period is among the oldest middle-eastern written scripts. Many of these are about paying wages to male and female laborers for manufacturing and stockbreeding jobs. Studying these texts provides essential information regarding the status of Iranian Plateau’s women at the end of the fourth millennium B.C. M388 sign is one of the most significant gender signs known. It probably symbolizes a man or a particular social class in proto-Elamite texts. It’s also been used before signs that might show names written using a phonetical structure. M124 is the opposite sign. It was probably considered a female gender sign. It has been used in some tablets or at the beginning of a series of phonetic signs (names). This research attempts to reconstruct two different signs at the beginning of the name sign-series. These signs probably assign gender to the names. Authors read 1500 tablets in Susa. Two hundred ninety-five of these tablets begin with M124 or M388 signs. There are more than 100 phonetic signs. The chances of 295 names being similar are slim. This strengthens our gender-specification hypotheses that M124 and M388 are gender symbols in the name sign-series.