مطالب

SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES: Since the early centuries of Islam, there have been numerous discussions on the subjects of disbelief and faith, as well as examples of both in Islamic society, which refer to believers and disbelievers. Meanwhile, the authors of sectarian books like “Milal wa Nihal” have tackled this matter from a sectarian perspective, frequently attempting to differentiate the Heretical sects from the Saved ones. Based on this, this research aims to examine the approach of Islamic sect-historiographers on faith and disbelief and happiness and misery. METHOD & FINDING: Based on the works of Islamic Islamic sect-historiographers who have benefited from a descriptive-analytic approach, this study covers the first five centuries of Islamic history. Research indicates that the topic of faith and disbelief in the writings of Muslim sectarians is influenced by the sect to which they belonged, to the extent that the regulation and prioritization of this issue is evident in their works. CONCLUSION: The findings of the research demonstrate that Muslim sectarians occasionally attempt to disparage rival sects in their writings by employing improper language, blaming them for not believing in a Hereafter, or even accusing followers of other sects of being deviant Muslims.

“Individualization” (Tafarrud), a fundamental principle of education, means that a person, despite similarities with his fellows, has psychological characteristics and unique abilities that distinguish him from others. It is important to pay attention to this principle in identifying the talents and abilities of people and their proper direction for correct education. This article investigates the role of the principle of "individualization" in education from the perspective of the Qur’an and Hadith and examines its position in education based on a descriptive-analytical method. Findings show that the differences between people are divided into two categories, individual and group differences, and for individual differences, there are two concepts of inter-individual and intra-individual differences. People have inter-individual differences in terms of faith, knowledge, talents and abilities, emotions, and feelings. In addition, in terms of differences in abilities and talents in a person, they have intra-individual differences. Also, there are social differences in terms of social position, gender, geographical location, etc., so that paying attention to these differences is effective in the formation of correct education. Therefore, in educational matters, in order to achieve educational goals, attention should be paid to individual and social differences.

Exegetical theories of human knowledge include human understanding of the divine word. No textual theory is formed in a vacuum. The prominent events and currents in the society, both political and cultural, create discourses in the society. Social events such as Marxism, liberalism, nationalism and other schools, the formation of international institutions and human rights, the occurrence of religious reformism, the fight against colonialism in Islamic countries, etc. during the last century created discourses in the society that caused changes in scientific attitudes and human and Islamic sciences, and then, the interpretation of the Qur'an. Compared to the traditional interpretation of the past fourteen centuries, these discourses placed in the form of a re-thinking or new-thinking interpretation. According to the claim of the immortality of the Qur'an, this validity is responsible for its relevance to the times. The interpretation and reading of the Qur'an is responsible for this update. Therefore, this article tries to refer to the effective discourses in recent centuries with the help of social issues and analytical approach and to measure the reflection of these discourses and the new and innovative opinions of commentators and researchers in the form of concrete examples of the impact of these discourses. The selected discourses are the discourse of religious reformation and return to the Qur'an, the discourse of new schools and isms, and the discourse of experimental sciences. However, there are definitely other effective discourses that cannot be discussed in this article. The purpose of this research is to gain self-awareness in discourse-oriented interpretations and attempt to conceptualize discourses. It is an attempt to provide a framework for some of the effective factors in interpretive innovation.

The existence of differences in the interpretive opinions of Muslims is undeniable, and one of the serious issues in exegetical discussions is to find the root of the differences in the opinions of commentators of the Holy Qur’an (especially in presenting traditional or modern interpretations). Commentators have different preconceptions and views on various issues, especially about some verses related to women. Some commentators have a traditional view and some have a modern view. This essay examines culture and gender and their role in providing traditional and modern interpretation. The method of collecting materials is desk study and the method of processing them is descriptive-analytical. After the investigations, it was found that different presuppositions and cultures play a role in presenting different interpretations and an example of traditional commentary about women can be seen in the commentary of Banu Amin and an example of modern interpretation can be seen in the opinions of Amina Wadud, and their opinions also had problems that were pointed out. The factors causing modern interpretations are: 1- The flourishing of human reasons; 2- Journeys; 3- meeting special people, 4- Cultural and social conditions.