درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The worldwide coronavirus pandemic has led to the emergence of different patterns of behavior in different contexts; one of the most important of these contexts is leisure. The aim of this study was to identify the concepts and categories of leisure during the coronavirus pandemic (emphasis on sports-related studies) and using a qualitative meta-synthesis method. For this purpose, after searching for resources related to the field of leisure (emphasis on sports-related studies) during the coronavirus pandemic, 169 primary sources were found and among them 36 sources were selected and analyzed. The results of a meta-synthesis of leisure studies during the coronavirus pandemic (emphasis on sports-related research) was classified into 7 main categories physical, cognitive (mental), emotional, sociocultural, economic, technology, and environmental conditions and a sports leisure model was presented during the coronavirus pandemic. According to the results of this study, if proper planning and monitoring by sports-related organizations and the media is considered, sports leisure time during the coronavirus pandemic can bring physical, cognitive (mental), emotional and sociocultural benefits for individuals and reduce the negative effects of coronavirus disease in communities. On the other the coronavirus pandemic has revolutionized leisure conditions, and in particular sports leisure, by revolutionizing technology, economics, and conditions environment.

Background : Digit ratio (2D:4D) is a marker of prenatal androgen exposure that has been associated with behavioral parameters. Individuals with low 2D:4D are more aggressive and tend to engage in more physical activity. Aim: We examined the relationship between 2D:4D and physical activity, sensation seeking and aggression in mature and immature boys. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of Mazandaran male students aged 9 to 17 years in 2019-2020. The sample was 218 healthy, cluster randomly selected boys (13.77±2.4 y/o) from three schools with no health issues. 2D:4D digit ratio, physical activity, aggression, sensation seeking were measured. Pearson correlation analyzed variable associations. Significance was considered at P ≤0.05. Results : Low 2D:4D ratio was associated with higher physical activity (r≈-0.27), sensation seeking (r≈-0.3), and aggression (r≈-0.21), during childhood and adolescence ( P <0.05). These relationships among right and left hand 2D:4D ratios with physical activity and sensation seeking remained consistent across maturity levels ( P <0.05). Only immature boys had a significant association between 2D:4D ratios and aggression (r≈-0.29, P <0.05). Physical activity was positively associated with sensation seeking (r≈0.25, P <0.05), but not aggression in mature and immature boys. Conclusion : Prenatal testosterone organizes boys' physical activity and behavioral parameters, influencing the later development of sensation-seeking and aggression and greater participation in physical activity. The study has limitations such as a small sample size and a self-report method for assessing aggression. Future research should focus on behavioral observation methods with larger sample sizes.