درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Gridshell structures are a type of bending-active structures. In the present study, bending-active grid structures are selected since it is simple to construct curved elements to create exciting and diverse architectural forms with minimum manufacturing energy consumption and minimum wastage of materials, they are strong shells against all kinds of forces and are less addressed in Iran. In this regard, the present study tries to determine the optimal geometric form of grid shells by comparing different geometries. Also, it investigates the geometry of anticlastic, synclastic, and free forms to help improve the structural performance of the bending-active grid shell. The hardness of these shells fully depends on their shape, therefore efficient forming helps to control their hardness and structural behavior. The structural performance of the grid shell is analyzed using Kangaroo Physics and Karamba plugins in Grasshopper software. In constructing bending-active gridshell structures, the shell geometry is drawn based on the changes in numerical variables such as geometric dimensions, opening length, etc., using the digital form-finding method in Kangaroo Physics and Karamba plugins in Grasshopper software and Galapagos optimization, and the final optimal form is designed. Next, the form is investigated against various stresses and loads including bending, shear, etc. The final model, selected by comparing different geometrical modules, shall have the lowest stress and the least displacement so that it can be significantly effective in designing and constructing the optimal forms of temporary bending-active gridshell structures.

A house is the origin of many bitter and sweet experiences and the place for the formation of people's personality and identity. One of the wonders of creation is the presence of different needs in men and women. Hence, designers and architects need to review architectural design to create mental comfort in houses, which consist of two different genders. This study aimed to investigate gender differences and their impacts on residential spaces to provide suggestions for better housing designs. For this, primary concepts about gender were first raised, and then relevant theories were examined to describe the interaction of the concept of gender in a residential space. In the end, the feasibility of appropriate designs, which help promote the quality of a residential environment, was measured. The study methodology was qualitative, which described a desirable housing space. According to questionnaire analyses and a survey of 20 men and women, it was concluded that women tended to focus on details and kitchens, whereas men valued living rooms and halls. In sum, it was critical to separate public spaces from private spaces and to give characters to spaces. The goal of this study was to investigate the factors that affect desirable housing spaces and residential-architectural criteria in giving gender to spaces. Findings revealed gender differences stemming from cultural, social, and historical aspects; therefore, people's genders, along with other factors such as age, tastes, and needs, should be considered in designing spaces.

The insights of Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein can be useful in understanding the intricate dynamics of contemporary architecture and urban life and juxtaposing various facets of modernity and historical context. In his text, 20th-century modernism, which focuses on logic, modernity, technology, and spiritual matters, is intelligible. Wittgenstein was an analytic philosopher who believed in the correspondence between the real world, thought, and language. This study aims to analyze Wittgenstein's opinions and uses them to define a conceptual model that includes four components: Logic, avoidance of psychologism, viewing from the perspective of eternity, and modernity. The components are divided into ten subcomponents in architecture: Logic, usefulness, function, style, decorations, transcendence, positive feelings, tolerance, modernity, and technology. There was a focus on six cases, three historical buildings, and three contemporary ones in Semnan. Two questionnaires for citizens and experts have been prepared, and a field study has been implemented after the validity assessment. Then, the results of the questionnaires were entered into the data bank in IBM SPSS and were analyzed and compared. The findings show that three of the ten model variables, attention to excellence, creating a positive feeling, and a positive approach to technology, are ranked higher than the other variables, with an importance of nearly 80%. The acceptability of all three historical buildings is higher than the three contemporary buildings in both groups of citizens and experts, but the difference is much greater among experts.

Extensive studies on Iranian architecture have been conducted since the late Qajar period. However, many aspects remain unexplored. One of the main challenges in this field is the lack of a systematic approach to architectural analysis. Most previous research has been descriptive, focusing on the physical characteristics of buildings. Yet architecture goes beyond its physical elements; it consists of complex structures that require theoretical and conceptual analysis. As a tool for understanding architecture, the theory allows for a deeper examination of structures, meanings, and cultural transformations. Since the 1960s, linguistics has emerged as a significant architectural theory paradigm due to the renewed focus on meaning in architecture. Language and architecture are manifestations of culture—while language reflects culture, it also organizes other cultural domains. The structural similarities between language and architecture have led architects and theorists to adopt linguistic theories for "understanding architecture" and finding "design solutions." This article approaches architecture as a language and, inspired by how linguists study language through various approaches, proposes methodologies for the "understanding of architecture." It draws on Ferdinand de Saussure's classification, particularly the synchronic approach, which analyzes language at a specific moment. The scope of this research is centered on the applications of the synchronic approach in understanding Iranian architecture. Through a comparative study of linguistic and architectural methodologies, the article demonstrates how synchronic linguistic concepts and methods can be applied to analyze Iranian architecture's structures, meanings, and spatial systems, contributing to developing a theoretical model for its study.

Structural design extends beyond merely creating forms to withstand forces; it incorporates various technical and non-technical elements within architectural design. The true value of structural knowledge emerges during the design process when these elements are thoroughly understood. Achieving this understanding necessitates the provision of diverse types of structural knowledge capable of informing design and analysis. Additionally, by exploring various structural design methodologies, two principal types of cognition — "geometric" and "numerical" — can significantly help designers navigate the complex requirements of structural design. This research aims to investigate the different forms of structured knowledge relevant to architectural design, ultimately addressing the central question of how geometric and numerical comprehension of structures contributes to the architectural design process. The research employs a descriptive-analytical method with a comparative study approach. It begins by defining and detailing the characteristics of geometric and numerical cognition within the design framework, subsequently elucidating their interrelationship in architectural design. Findings suggest that geometric and numerical cognitions of structures, articulated through distinct languages, correspond to various roles in designing mechanical and spatial aspects, as well as different levels of structural comprehension at various design stages. Geometric cognition, due to its linguistic proximity to the design step, has the capability to examine and apply structural knowledge from the initial stages of form design to its actual construction phase. On the other hand, numerical cognition primarily focuses on the detailed examination of the mechanical and load-bearing aspects of the structure in its analytical step.

Escalating urban heat island effects and rising energy demands in Iran's hot, dry climate pose a serious challenge for educational buildings, where high occupant density intensifies cooling needs and operational costs. This research addresses the urgency of adopting cool roof technologies—such as reflective coatings, green roofs, high-albedo materials, and radiative cooling roofs—to mitigate extreme indoor temperatures, reduce carbon footprints, and enhance student and staff well-being. Drawing on empirical data, simulation models, and a comprehensive literature review, we employ a weighted-scoring framework that evaluates each technology's thermal performance, energy savings, cost factors, durability, and environmental impact. Findings reveal that while radiative cooling roofs offer the greatest potential for reducing cooling loads (up to 30–40%) and maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures, they demand more advanced materials and higher initial investment. Green roofs yield substantial insulation and environmental benefits, but are limited by water scarcity and elevated setup costs. Conversely, reflective coatings and high-albedo materials strike a balance between effectiveness and affordability, making them viable for retrofits in budget-constrained educational facilities. The results underscore the need for context-specific solutions that consider local climate, water resources, building typology, and policy incentives. By clarifying the strengths and trade-offs of each cool roof approach, this study provides actionable guidance for architects, policymakers, and school administrators seeking sustainable and cost-effective interventions. Future research should focus on long-term performance monitoring, integrating complementary passive strategies (e.g., shading, natural ventilation), and developing localized materials tailored to resource-limited contexts.