ناصر شیربگی

Despite the complexity and ambiguity in the concept of entrepreneurship, the expectations of governments, policymakers and education stakeholders have led to increased pressure on schools to develop entrepreneurship and financial independence. Very little research has been done on entrepreneurial leadership in schools. Therefore, this general question was raised, what is the relationship between entrepreneurship and school leadership? Focusing on the transcendental phenomenology approach of Moustakas, the present research tried to count the lived experiences of 19 school principals who were selected purposefully and using the criterion sampling technique. A three-step sequential phenomenological interview protocol was used. The analysis and coding of the interviews were done using the three-stage thematic analysis method (basic, organizing and global) and drawing the theme networks, and Maxqda2020 software was used for data management. At the end of the thematic analysis, a total of 90 basic themes, 34 organizing themes and finally 8 global themes were counted, which were: acquisition entrepreneurship, financial efficiency, financial literacy, educational entrepreneurship, social activism, school cultural ambassador, organizational entrepreneurship, and independent entrepreneurship. The experiences of the participants indicated that the leaders adopted two main strategies to implement entrepreneurial leadership in the school: first, policies to advance school affairs, communicate with parents and teachers, provide diverse and extracurricular courses for students, prioritize assignments and promoting flexibility in the teaching-learning process, these were intra-school solutions. On the other hand, school entrepreneurial leaders used external strategies such as public visits to the school, taking risks, promoting collaborative work, and gaining power for the school

Method: This study is practical in terms of purpose, and descriptive correlational in terms of method. The statistical population includes all teachers from second normal secondary schools in the first and second districts of Sanandaj city during the academic year of 2021-2, totalling 686 individuals. A sample size of 343 was selected using a simple random sampling method. Data was collected through three questionnaires: The 10-Item Ethical Leadership Scale by Brown and Trevino (2005), The 12-Item Collective Efficacy Questionnaire by Goddard (2001), and The 9-Item Questionnaire by Schaufeli et al. (2002) utilizing a five-point Likert scale. The face validity of the questionnaires was confirmed through expert opinions, while their construct validity was established by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). To ensure questionnaire reliability, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was utilized. The resulting reliability coefficients for the ethical leadership, self-efficacy, and job involvement questionnaires were 0.91, 0.72, and 0.93, respectively. After verifying that the parametric assumptions were met, the data was analysed using Pearson’s correlation test and structural equation modelling via SPSS software. The results revealed a favourable fit for the research’s structural model, indicating a direct relationship between the ethical leadership style of school managers and teachers’ collective efficacy and job involvement. Furthermore, the ethical leadership status of school managers emerged as a significant predictor for teachers’ levels of collective efficacy and job involvement. These findings suggest that demonstrating ethical leadership behaviours can enhance teachers’ self-efficacy, thereby fostering greater passion and job involvement among them

Although information and communication technology (ICT) is discussed in different aspects of education for a long time and numerous scholarly works have been published by Iranian researchers in Persian and English, but a study that illustrates the whole status of published works is not yet conducted. There is no reliable source to display the body of knowledge produced in this field. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate state of the art of ICT in educational system of Iran through a systematic review of scientific published papers. The present research aims in identifying, interpreting and describing the topics and approaches used by the Iranian authors to study ICT in the educational system of Iran. Achieving the identity or knowledge base of this field is performed with an descriptive-interpretive approach in order to perceive the status of technology application in the educational system of Iran. The research population includes all articles published in the journals of Education and ICT. In this regard, research articles in the field of ICT in the educational system in both Persian and English languages were searched in databases between 2001 and 2022. By using the systematic review method, a list of related keywords and concepts were searched in Persian and English databases which include related journals. After conducting the initial search and applying the inclusion criteria, 112 articles were included in the study. Finally, a detailed review and in-depth investigation was conducted by using qualitative content analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, four dimensions of ICT in the educational system were extracted: “Leadership”, “Professional development”, “Assessment”, and “Teaching-learning process”. Analyses shows that these dimensions are not considered evenly. Sub topics of these four areas as well as ignored areas are discussed. Also, future directions are proposed

This study was conducted based on dual purposes; the first purpose was validation of the leadership creativity assessment scale from the perspective of teachers; the second purpose was to establish a qualification profile of the principals` leadership creativity using a standard tool. The current research applied a positivist epistemological orientation with a quantitative approach and evaluation method. The study population involved 1256 Sanandaj high school teachers of which 296 teachers (both meals and female) were selected by stratified random sampling using selected using Krejci - Morgan Table. In evaluating the validity of managerial creativity questionnaire factor analysis was used and in assessing its reliability of it, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was applied to assess principles` of managerial creativity by teachers and the influence of demographic variables on teachers` assessment. Based on the findings of the study teachers evaluated their principals` level of Leadership creativity at a high level in their workplace. Moreover, it was revealed that teachers` demographic variables had no significant correlation to the scores of the Leadership creativity assessment.

پژوهش حاضر با هدف طراحی و اعتبارسنجی الگوی شایستگی های مدیران مدارس هوشمند صورت گرفته است. جامعه ی آماری پژوهش حاضر در بخش کیفی شامل کلیه ی اساتید دانشگاه مرتبط با مدارس هوشمند (عضو شورای مدارس هوشمند)، متخصصین کارشناسان تکنولوژیست، مسئولین ادارات آموزش وپرورش و مدیران مدارس هوشمند بودند. در بخش کمی از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی خوشه ای، بر اساس فرمول کوکران، 386 پرسشنامه استفاده شد. در بخش کیفی پژوهش از مصاحبه ساختارمند استفاده و تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار مکس کیودا بود. یافته ها نشان دادند که نتایج حاصله از کدگذاری باز داده های کیفی گردآوری شده با استفاده از ابزار مصاحبه، مشاهده گردیدند که تعداد 62 کد باز از میان 370 مفهوم شناسایی شده است. در بخش کدگذاری محوری، 62 کد اولیه و در بخش کدگذاری گزینشی 15 مقوله شامل ارزش ها و نگرش مدیر و کارکنان، ارزیابی، نظارت و کنترل، شایستگی دانشی مدیر، شایستگی عمومی مدیران مدارس هوشمند، شایستگی های حرفه ای مدیران، شرایط زیرساختی مدرسه، عوامل اجتماعی و فرهنگی، عوامل اقتصادی، عوامل مذهبی، مدیریت منابع و آموزشی، مهارت ها و توانمندی های دبیر، مهارت ها و توانمندی های مدیر، همکاری و مشارکت با کارکنان و سازمان، هوشمندسازی مدارس، ویژگی های شخصیتی شناسایی شدند. اعتبارسنجی مدل نیز نشان داد تمامی روابط شناخته شده در مدل پاردایمی مورد تأیید بوده است.

Achieving the goals of educational systems and responding correctly to the expectations of students, parents and teachers depend on the existence of efficient and effective educational administrators and their beliefs. Therefore, the attention of education researchers is focused on the understanding of management in educational settings. Since individuals' beliefs cause the creation of personality structures, so the study of managers' personality structures can be helpful in selecting, transferring and relocating educational managers on a scientific basis, recognizing the necessary components of management to establish training courses, predicting future actions of managers and reducing skepticism and uncertainty and identifying the stylistic complexity of managers. On the other hand, structures enable educational administrators to better fulfill their professional mission. Based on the importance of this issue, the main purpose of the study was to identify and compare the personal structures of management among school principals. In the present study, in order to achieve the personal construct of managers, an interpretive approach and a qualitative method of case study were used. Participants included all public school principals in Sanandaj who were employed in 2021 and had more than one year of managerial experience. Therefore, sampling was done in a target based using the criterion method. Also, the number of samples was appropriate for the Repertory Grid Technique which is usually used for the sample with small number, 43 novice and experienced Principal were chosen. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and a Repertory Grid Matrix. Finally, 575 personal construct were extracted during 43 interviews. Content analysis with the unit of subject was applied for the data analysis. The collected data of the personal construct of administrator were classified in 4 main categories and 13 sub-categories, which included issues as morality, relationship, personal features and intellectual-functional. The results of this study indicates that the highest percentage of personal constructs of novice and experienced managers is in the category of communication and the lowest percentage of personal structures for novice managers is in the category of intellectual-operational and also for experienced managers is in the category of ethics.