خدیجه ابوالمعالی الحسینی

Emotional-behavioral problems are common in preschool-children and might have some destructive effects on them as well as others. Sand tray therapy is an effective technique that encourages children to express their thoughts, feelings, and conflicts through symbolic expression and story. In this technique a person has an opportunity to resolve conflicts, remove obstacles, and gain acceptance of self. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of sand tray therapy on reducing emotional-behavioural problems among preschool children. A randomized controlled trial method was applied in this research. The statistical population consisted of preschool children who suffered from behavioural-emotional problems in Tehran in 2016. Three centers were randomly selected from preschool centers in Tehran. The scale of Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) was completed by parents. 24 children whose scores placed between the boundary range of 65<T69 were identified and they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (12 in per group). The experimental group was individually treated using the sand tray, but the control group did not receive any treatment. ANCOVA test was used for data analysis by SPSS 22. The results showed that sand tray therapy could reduce anxiety/depression and social problems (in the area of emotional problems) and aggression (in the area of the behavioral problem) in preschool children significantly. According to the results, it is recommended that child psychologists apply the sand tray therapy for reduction some of emotional-behavioural problems such as anxiety, depression, and social problems in preschool children.

Purpose: Considering the importance of job motivation in educational jobs, the present study was conducted to construct and evaluate the psychometric properties of teachers' job motivation questionnaire. Methodology: The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of implementation method. The study population was elementary school teachers in Tehran in 2019-20, which the sample size was estimated 400 people based on Cochran's formula and were selected as a sample by multi-stage cluster random sampling. Data were collected by a researcher-made job motivation questionnaire (49 items) and analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS-22 and AMOS-24 software. Findings: The results showed that teachers' job motivation had 2 factors and 9 components; so that the external factor of job motivation includes four components of school environment, payroll system, leadership style / managerial support and performance appraisal and reward and the internal factor of job motivation includes five components of in-service training, work and cognitive interests, effective communication, perfectionist thoughts and selection and the factor loading of both factors and all nine components were significant at the confidence level of 0.99. Also, the content validity of the instrument was confirmed by experts and the convergent validity of the instrument was confirmed by the correlation coefficient of the score of each factor or component with the total score of the instrument. In addition, Cronbach's alpha reliability for the whole instrument was 0.92, external factor of job motivation 0.85, internal factor of job motivation 0.89 and components of school environment 0.75, payroll system 0.66, leadership style / managerial support 0.91, performance appraisal and reward 0.65, in-service training 0.82, work and cognitive interests 0.90, effective communication style 0.81, perfectionist thoughts 0.83 and selection was 0.71. Conclusion: Teachers' job motivation questionnaire was a valid and reliable instrument. As a result, specialists and planners of the education system can use it to review and evaluate the current situation of teachers' job motivation and provide solutions to strengthen their job motivation.

Purpose: This study was conducted with the aim of determine the effect of wisdom and socio-economic status of the family through the mediation of academic self-concept on academic vitality. Methodology: The purpose of the research was applied and the research method was descriptive correlation type. The statistical population of research included all female high school students in district 2 of Tehran in 2018 with a total of 1200 people, 300 people According to Kerjeci- Morgan table were selected by multistage random sampling. The study tools were included Wisdom Measurement by Schmitt et al., (2012); Socio-Economic Status Inventory by Ghodratnama et al., (2013); School Self-Concept Inventory by Chen & Thompson (2003) and Educational Vitality Questionnaire by Dehghani Zadeh et al., (2013). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and Amos software. Findings: The results of the present study showed that wisdom has a positive and significant effect on self-concept (P=0.001). Wisdom has a positive and significant effect on academic vitality (P=0.001). Socio-economic status has no direct effect on self-concept (P=0.208). Socio-economic status has no direct effect on academic vitality (P=0.358). Self-concept has a positive and significant effect on academic vitality (P=0.001). Wisdom has an indirect and significant effect on academic vitality through the mediation of academic self-concept (P=0.001). Socio-economic status has no indirect effect on academic vitality in a positive and significant way with the mediation of academic self-concept (P=0.208) Conclusion: Wisdom in turn directly and indirectly through the mediation of self-concept affects the students' academic vitality.