comparative analysis

This essay offers a comparative analysis of health law and telemedicine in Iran and the United States. It explores unique aspects of healthcare systems, regulations, challenges, and opportunities in both nations, tracing the historical development of health law and virtual health from inception to modern times. Specific challenges and opportunities exist within each country's healthcare systems, telemedicine practices, and regulations. For instance, in Iran, the coexistence of traditional and modern legal frameworks makes it essential to ensure that the laws are updated. The United States has a complex landscape of virtual health that needs to be maintained and integrated. What is similar in both countries is the importance of privacy. The analysis emphasizes the importance of adapting legal frameworks to accommodate technological advancements while protecting patient interests. Enhancing health laws and expanding telemedicine capabilities in both countries can improve access to virtual healthcare and enhance the quality and safety of patient care.

This study investigates the pragmastylistic features employed in English and Arabic religious texts, with a specific focus on the concept of rewarding. Drawing on Narmin Abbas Lutfi Baqqal's PhD dissertation, the research examines the pragmatic and stylistic characteristics of rewarding in Biblical and Prophetic Hadith texts. The study addresses two primary research questions: (1) What are the pragmastylistic features used in English and Arabic religious texts to convey rewarding? (2) Which pragmatic and stylistic features are more prevalent in these texts? By analyzing 20 Biblical verses and 20 Prophetic Hadiths, the paper identifies the linguistic and rhetorical devices used to express rewarding, highlighting both similarities and differences between the two languages. The findings reveal that both texts employ declarative and imperative speech acts, deixis, and figurative language, but with distinct stylistic preferences. This study contributes to the fields of pragmatics, stylistics, and religious discourse analysis, offering insights into how language shapes religious messages across different cultural and linguistic contexts.

This study provides a comparative analysis of the rhetorical, pragmatic, and semantic strategies used by English-speaking and Arabic-speaking politicians to manipulate their audiences. By examining political speeches from both linguistic contexts, the research reveals distinct cultural patterns in manipulation. English-speaking politicians often employ direct, fact-based appeals (logos), while Arabic-speaking politicians rely more on emotional and collective identity appeals (pathos). These strategies reflect the cultural and linguistic norms of each group. Additionally, the study highlights the evolving impact of digital media on political communication, showing how manipulative strategies have adapted to new technological platforms. The findings have important implications for political communication strategists, media professionals, and educators. They underscore the need for culturally nuanced communication strategies in cross-cultural political discourse, offer insights for enhancing public media literacy to combat manipulation, and provide a framework for further research into the role of digital platforms in shaping political rhetoric. Additionally, the study highlights the evolving impact of digital media on political communication, showing how manipulative strategies have adapted to new technological platforms. The findings have important implications for political communication strategists, media professionals, and educators. They underscore the need for culturally nuanced communication strategies in cross-cultural political discourse, offer insights for enhancing public media literacy to combat manipulation, and provide a framework for further research into the role of digital platforms in shaping political rhetoric.

The aim of this research paper is to explore how the rhetorical means employed by the United States of America are produced in cultural, historical, and political contexts. The public speeches will be delivered by the Presidents of the United States and other European leaders during the tenure of 2017-2024. The aim of this paper is to determine the extent to which cultural norms, political institutions, and historical backgrounds mold leadership engagement strategies of leaders from both regions through an analysis of a large corpus of political speeches. Importantly, the results show significant differences in political rhetoric styles, especially regarding individualism, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance. These are represented through the use of the Critical Discourse Analysis framework, Aristotle's Three Appeals, and Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory. Based on the data analysis, it would appear that the United States of America. Generally speaking, presidents have a predisposition to utilize direct and forceful forms of communication, which must be that of American culture concerning individualism and leadership. Whereas in American politics, leaders do follow the straight and often inflexible line, in Europe, politicians are more diplomatic and multilateral, their approach emphasizing collective decision-making and cultural coherence.

In the international arena, it is uncommon to find a nation with a comprehensive nationality law and citizenship policy, as complexities arise frequently across various contexts. This article seeks to explore some of these challenges, which are not confined to individual nations but are indeed global in nature. By examining the laws and policies regarding the acquisition and loss of citizenship in six randomly selected countries, this study aims to deepen the understanding of citizenship from domestic and international perspectives, clarifying states' positions on these pertinent issues. Through its analysis, the article highlights significant nuances within a broad legal framework that influences individuals' rights and obligations, irrespective of their nationality. It aspires to contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding citizenship laws by thoroughly investigating these topics. The article is structured into sections, detailing the system of nationality law in Nigeria, along with a discussion of the relevant provisions in the selected nations. It addresses the matter of dual citizenship before examining laws concerning the loss of citizenship in other countries. Additionally, it considers the issue of statelessness in Nigeria and the measures taken to combat it. The article concludes with robust recommendations for nations to better uphold their citizens' inherent rights.

Introduction: Forgery is a reprehensible and immoral behavior that usually aims at financial gain, but may be done to influence the opinion of one person, deceive another, or simply to cause harm. Given the technological developments and the expansion of the use of digital tools, computer forgery has become one of the serious challenges in legal systems. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine the ethical dimensions of forgery and comparative analysis of computer forgery and traditional forgery in Iranian and Iraqi law. Material and Methods: This study used reliable sources and international scientific articles in the field of ethical consideration of forgery and comparative analysis of computer forgery and traditional forgery. Conclusion: Since the emergence of writing and the beginning of the use of writing to convey intentions and thoughts, distortion and alteration of lines and words have been recognized as immoral, undesirable and criminal acts. In Islamic law, forgery is recognized as one of the examples of Ta’zir crimes, and the Holy Quran has also considered this act immoral and reprehensible and has included it among the sins. With the comparative analysis presented regarding computer forgery and electronic documents in Iranian and Iraqi law, general and practical conclusions can be reached. This study showed that both legal systems, despite similarities in the main concepts and objectives of the laws, have different approaches in formulating and implementing regulations related to forgery and electronic documents.

This study examines the representation of moral values in English language teaching (ELT) textbooks from two distinct educational contexts: Iran and France. Building on existing scholarship that positions textbooks as ideological tools, the study examines Vision 1 and New Bridges 2e to investigate how moral content reflects national educational priorities. The research is guided by two key questions: how moral values are distributed across social, individual, cultural, and global categories in each textbook, and how these distributions align with their respective sociocultural frameworks. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining qualitative content analysis with quantitative frequency analysis. A total of 274 moral value instances were identified across 10 units from each textbook. The findings revealed that Vision 1 emphasized social and cultural values consistent with collectivist and religious ideologies. In contrast, New Bridges 2e focused more on global and individual values aligned with secular and democratic ideals. The results demonstrate how textbooks mirror national ideologies and contribute to shaping students’ ethical perspectives. These insights have important implications for curriculum developers, educators, and policymakers interested in promoting culturally responsive and ethically grounded language education. The study also highlights the need for increased awareness of the moral messages embedded in language materials and calls for further research on how such content is interpreted and enacted in classroom practice.