دیبا جعفری

The compilation of a list of disqualified entities by NIOC serves as both a supervisory and deterrent mechanism to prevent violations and mitigate legal and financial risks associated with high-risk contracts. This directive has been designed with the objective of enhancing the integrity of the tendering process, ensuring fair competition, enforcing regulations governing public procurement and governmental transactions, and guaranteeing that work is not repeatedly delegated to companies that have demonstrated an unsatisfactory performance history in prior projects. However, an exclusive focus on the legal personality of companies may reduce the deterrent effect, as offending entities may continue their activities under subsidiary or shell companies. This study proposes the inclusion of the managing director and members of the board of directors—as the key natural persons influencing a company’s decision-making—alongside the legal entity itself in the blacklist of disqualified contractors, presenting this measure as a practical and low-cost approach to enhancing the effectiveness of the disqualification system. Using a descriptive–analytical method, the research reviews the current directive, outlines the legal foundations of managerial accountability, and evaluates both the feasibility and effectiveness of this proposed reform, while also addressing the practical and legal challenges associated with piercing the corporate veil. The findings indicate that extending the disqualification list to relevant individuals can meaningfully strengthen the deterrent function of the existing supervisory mechanism

Prevailing theories and development policies have historically framed nature primarily as a resource or instrument for fulfilling human needs. This orientation—even within the discourse of sustainable development—often sustains an anthropocentric and extractive relationship with the natural world. Drawing on the framework of care ethics , this article reconsiders the human–nature relationship by conceptualizing the Earth as an “other.” In this reframing, nature is understood not as a mere object or commodity, but as a moral entity—vulnerable, intrinsically valuable, and deserving of attentive care. Such an ethical shift has significant implications for legal and customary approaches to environmental responsibility. It redefines the foundation of liability, moving from reaction to actual harm toward proactive care and the prevention of conditions likely to produce future harm. Sustainable development, in this view, necessitates an ethical reorientation that privileges care, mutual interdependence, and moral attentiveness over purely utilitarian or instrumental considerations. Employing a descriptive–analytical methodology and drawing on extensive library‑based research, this study explores the theoretical underpinnings of this care‑centered perspective, as well as its broader environmental, legal, and societal implications.

Although the era when children were primarily considered as a source of labor for the familyhas largely passed, the procreation of children remains indispensable for societal continuity.Views on children have shifted from characterizing them as the “private property of the family”to recognizing them as a “public good.” While children may not satisfy all the criteria of a purepublic good, it is widely acknowledged that society bears a significant role in the upbringing,education, and, ultimately, the costs associated with children. Nonetheless, although theconception of a child as a personal property of the family has changed, extensive governmentalintrusion into family privacy is similarly not accepted. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine arguments for and against this perspective, drawing on theoriesof public and socialized goods, with a focus on Iranian legislation. Children, due to their potentialbenefits, such as their future roles as workforce and taxpayers, exhibit characteristics of a publicgood; however, philosophical, legal, economic, and cultural challenges limit this interpretation.Iranian laws, particularly the Family and Youthful Population Support Act (2021) and Article3 of the Child and Adolescent Protection Act (2020), recognize government responsibility andmark a step toward conceptualizing children as public goods. This article posits thatwhetherchildren are characterized as public goods or as socialized goods, an obligation is thereby createdfor non-parents and, consequently, for the state as the representative of the nation, to share in thecosts associated with them.