Politics

The relation between religion and politics is a question of extended background having received a variety of responses. The issue of the epistemological foundations of the issue and the logical possibility of the formation of Islamic politics is, however, a quite recent topic which has drawn the attention of a lot of contemporary analysts. Two main approaches can be distinguished in the field of the Islamic political discourse which believes in the integration of religion and politics. One is the rejection of secular arguments altogether towards deducing the possibility of "Islamic Politics". The other goes beyond the criticism of secularism and talks of the necessity of establishing "Islamic politics". This article deals with the second approach explaining the epistemological foundations of the Islamic politics and introducing the idea of how to make politics accord with religious law. Thus, understanding and practice of politics in a religious society is essentially impossible without reference to its initial foundations. 

The relationship between religion and politics is the most important issue that has nowadays engulfed the minds of many theorists of political science. This issue becomes more important when it comes to the phenomenon of Islamic Government (State). In the present world, there are many different interpretations of Islam. Some traditionally believe in the religion’s wide-ranging intervention in politics and some believe in the non-intervention of religion in politics based on the human experience. Theorization on the realm of the presence of religion in politics has entered a new stage. The present research sought to answer the following question: “How religion plays a role in the politics?” Answering the research question, the hypothesis is that the Islamic law, based on the human needs and the epistemological source of revelation, with a maximally reading and interpretation of Islam and in the refuge of the divine theory of the state, has developed a new concept called the “Political Islam”, which is considered the evolved form of the divine theory of government.

The Islamic Revolution, which is a breakthrough in the history of Iran, introduced some new concepts in the arena of national debate. Founded on Shi’ite political thought, this Revolution has in recent years followed a particular theory of justice that has its roots in Shi’ite doctrines, and this is evident in the ideas of Imam Khomeini (r) and the current Supreme Leader. While preserving its originality, the Shi’ite concept of justice has been subject to new readings befitting the requirements of each government. In spite of [continued] developments in the discourse on Shi’ite justice under various governments, Shi’ite principles of the concept of justice have nonetheless been kept intact in the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and this shows the presence of a complete theory in the field of political thought in the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This article discusses the consequences of World War I towards the struggle for independence for the Balkan States. It argues that the formational process of the state of Yugoslavia was a political compromise among the Slav nations, namely the Serbs, the Croats and the Muslims in the Balkans consisting of the former Austria-Hungarian territories. The research method was based on the content analysis of declassified documents from the Public Record Office, London and the personal collection of Seton Watson documents at the University of London. This article finds that the idea of Greater Serbia is at odds with the idea of Jugoslav. This is the threat to the unification of a new state. Pressure from outside, such as Italy wanting to take advantage of the Austrian-Hungarian place in the Balkans, has alarmed Jugoslav and Serbian leaders. The Italian threat forced the Slav political leaders to immediately agree to form a Yugoslav government, even if not wholeheartedly.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The environment problems have pervasive and lasting consequences for this generation and the next generation. The effects of environmental change on human life will soon appear. One of the most important environmental crises that Iran and the four littoral Caspian Sea countries bordering are facing is the environmental crisis of this sea. The Caspian Sea, the world's largest salt lake, has a sensitive ecosystem. Although salt lakes are very important for the environment, the most important example that has been recorded of the successful management of salt lakes is the case of the Great Lakes between the United States and Canada. Their solution can be used to protect the environment of these lakes in the Caspian Sea and its border countries.Method: In this research, by using the descriptive-analytical method, it has been tried to study the ecosystem of the Caspian Sea and find the best solution for it as a salt lake.Findings: As a matter of fact, although the Caspian Sea has a very rich resource but it has a very sensitive ecosystem and riparian states put it under pressure by over-exploitation of its resource. It caused several problems, such as degradation of water level, pollution of water, and the demise of caviar fish.Conclusion: It is extremely important to accurately attribute the causes of such change to understand how best to manage this body of water. In my opinion, Iran must pay more attention to its water in the north unless we face fine dust and drying of wetlands as we have seen in the south that put in danger human security in different dimensions.  It is undeniable that principles and obligations of international law such as paying polluters, common and differentiated responsibility, and non-harmful use of land… can’t solve the problems all alone. It is true about politics, but together, we can hope for sustainable management of the Caspian Sea. So the only way is the combination of international law and political will and using other states' experiences. So the proposal of this paper is building an institution with real decision-making. The design of the new institution is a step forward. For example, an institution can evaluate any problems with the Caspian Sea or rise by any coastline states and provide a solution, establishing a formal arrangement with real decision-making authority and not leaving most decisions up to individual states without effective collective control. However, in practice, states hardly show interest in institutions with mandatory power. So, instead, the Caspian Sea shoreline’s states can establish a non-mandatory committee that we hope to execute its decision with political will as we have seen in the Great Lakes. Because above all of this, politics will stand. So political and international law together could solve this problem.  

Today, the Shi'a anticipating community sometimes experiences a kind of stagnation and passive waiting, which indicates a lack of active hopefulness among those who await. This is despite the fact that anticipation without hope will be dormant and weak, unable to fulfill the political functions of the anticipating society. Based on this necessity, this study, employing a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to explain the functions of instilling hope in realizing active anticipation, with an emphasis on the thought of Ayatollah Safi Golpaygani. The main achievements of this research include: establishing a link between hopefulness and active anticipation, explaining the fundamental role of hope in active anticipation, and elucidating the role of active anticipation in achieving vitality and dynamism for the anticipating society in the governmental sphere and in paving the way for the advent.

Geopolitical factors have always significantly influenced the politics and behavior of governments due to the continuity and stability of their effects. In Turkmenistan, due to the geopolitical characteristics of this country, examining and paying attention to these factors and their effects play an important role in terms of understanding and predicting the policies and behavior of Turkmenistan’s government. Also, these characteristics seem to become more important because of this country’s neighborhood and many commonalities with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question of this article is about the effects of Turkmenistan's geopolitics on the politics and the behavior of its government. Based on this study, it will be argued that Turkmenistan's geopolitics has, directly and indirectly, affected the politics and behavior of Turkmenistan’s government by creating threats and issues such as instability and insecurity. It has also caused authoritarianism and centralism in the government.

The current article aims to examine the political foundations that are the main cause of the emergence of the Gothic style and its flow in history. Many critics and thinkers who research the Gothic genre agree that the begin-ning of Gothic literature should be considered the 18th century. Therefore, in this article, the 18th century is con-sidered as the starting point of Gothic. Since the impact and penetration of Gothic as well as its ambiguity and complexity is a more obvious and ponderable literary genre, the focus and emphasis in this article is on Gothic literature, and Gothic literature of the 18th century is considered as the origin of this literary genre. The present speech focuses on Gothic literature and studies the aspects and political factors that played a role in the for-mation of this literature in the middle of the 18th century in order to show the origin of this literary and artistic genre that has lasted for nearly three hundred years. The effective political factors in the emergence of the Goth-ic genre have been manifested in the form of legislation in various fields such as justice, according to a religious trend, policy making in the field of economy with regard to entering the era of modernity and land reforms. Vi-jay Mishra, a contemporary literary critic and theoretician, states in an article titled "Gothic Sublimity" that the explosion of capital in the second half of the 18th century created a literary phenomenon that was later called Gothic. From the very beginning, Gothic has a hint of rebellion and extravagance that disrupts the security of the mind and produces fear and apprehension. Therefore, the desire to read it is related to the feeling of need to specify the historical significance of the Gothic by mentioning the factors influencing it. In fact, following a kind of genealogical approach, the present research seeks to find an origin that did not stop at a specific or certain point in history as a starting point or origin. Rather, it is always developing and moving. And this mobility of the starting point is precisely the secret of the stability and continuity of the Gothic genre over the centuries. Centu-ries that have many essential differences, but have created something stable, progressive and changing from their hearts, which, unlike other literary and artistic genres and styles, has proven to have no time limit: The Gothic genre.

Hobbes's tendency to connect the two fields of ethics and politics has a historical background. Historical analysis shows that upon entering the modern era, with Machi-avelli and Hobbes and their contemporaries, politics and ethics find a realistic, relativ-istic, utilitarian and anti-ultra centric nature. Hobbes's systematic explanation of hu-man nature, ethics and politics begins with the fundamental characteristics of humans. He proposes a political system based on two scenarios of the natural state and the gov-ernment (commonwealth). According to him, if the unruly nature of man is not limited by an absolute ruler with full power, the return to the natural state or the war of all against all will be inevitable. Hobbes belonged to his own time and his concern was order, peace and security, and therefore, by combining moral philosophy (natural laws) and political philosophy (civil laws), and presenting an ethical view of human self-preservation, he builds a system consisting of do’s and don'ts based on the description of the characteristics of human nature to form a peaceful government based on the so-cial contract theory to lead everyone towards a society with security. Hobbes's moral philosophy originates from his theory about natural law, and natural law also includes his theory about natural rights. Natural law and natural rights are the two foundations on which Hobbes based his theory of ethics and politics, respectively.