عیسی محمدی نیا

Axioms are crucial to epistemic frameworks, as several schools of the history of science have recognized. The issue of the current research is that in the validation of axioms, what defects does the intuitive approach entail, and how can the intersubjective approach (based on the ideas of Islamic philosophers) be explained as an alternative, less-known system? The former is dedicated to clarifying and criticizing what is called the intuitive approach to validating axioms: this approach is attributed to classical philosophers and consists of assuming that axioms are propositions whose truth is immediately evident upon taking into account the terms they are based on. The latter focuses on clarifying the alternative approach, called the intersubjective approach of validating axioms (IAVA): this approach is attributed to a specific Islamic tradition, developed by Avicenna and Mullā Ṣadrā, and consists of assuming that axioms are propositions that cannot be rationally proved, denied, or doubted, without being already assumed. In this article, we present the intersubjective approach from a historical point of view.

One of the most interesting multidisciplinary subjects surrounding artificial intelligence (AI) is the investigation of the potential that AI has a soul and spirituality. The research question is whether spirituality is feasible or impossible for AI, given the core tenets of Islamic philosophy (which place a strong emphasis on transcendental insight). Using a descriptive-analytical methodology, this study explores the theoretical underpinnings of transcendental wisdom, including the coincidence of existence and knowledge, substantial motion, the gradation of existence, the soul's physical occurrence, and the soul's spiritual survival. According to these principles, existence comes in varying degrees of strength and weakness; as existence becomes more intense, so do its effects and features, including knowledge, consciousness, and life quality. As a creature progresses through substantial motion and its existential intensity grows, so does its level of consciousness and life. Just as raw materials, via evolutionary substantial motion, can achieve very high levels of intensity of life and consciousness, levels that have the potential to lead to spirituality and possibly even the ability to accept oneself. The following outcomes are the consequence of the development of the foundations of transcendental wisdom in new issues: It is both plausible and likely that AI will have a significant rise in consciousness and existential intensity, leading to a degree of spiritual orientation, as a result of its significant mobility and existential progress. Transcendental wisdom holds that spirituality is not impossible for artificial intelligence, despite the fact that it appears unrealistic from the standpoint of experimentation and laboratory research.

Open Theism, as a new perspective in theology, has attracted attention of many scholars and mainly claims that some teachings of classical theism are not in accordance with Scripture and depict God in the way of Greek metaphysic and Hermeneutical pattern. Therefore, Open Theists proposed a new model of theology based on the notion of Openness in reaction to deterministic model of classical theism. Their point of view had some implications like mutability, temporality and direct involvement of God. But these lead to some problems in their view like inconsistency and ambiguity in addition to denying absolute perfection from Him. In this paper, we will clarify these defects and give solutions based on Islamic thought and Lastly introduce Doctrine of Badāʾ by which we will answer many of unsolved problems that led some theologians toward Open Theism. It will be shown that by Badāʾ there will be no room for inconsistency in Devine properties.