افشین جعفری

The environment of the seas is one of the global concerns, the effects and consequences of which cannot be hidden in the political, economic,and security fields of the coastal countries or all the governments of the world.This is because today most of the countries of the world benefit directly or indirectly from the benefits of the seas.Based on this, the concern of the present research is to be able to address the responsibility of the coastal states in protecting the environment of the seas by relying on the principle of participation.The question of the current research is,what are the solutions to make the coastal states responsible for the area of the marine environment?In line with this question,the findings of the present research have shown that making the coastal states responsible requires creating a balance between the economic interests of the states and environmental groups.Also,relying on scientific and research findings concerning the opinion of experts,the principles of international maritime law,and also modeling some regional treaties such as European maritime laws or restrictions imposed by the Australian government,is a suitable support for Identifying the rights and duties of coastal states. Also,the participation of the coastal states automatically and with their supervision is not a solution. This is because the coastal states have interests in marine resources, and in return, the role of non-governmental organizations, civil society, and free media should be taken into account to identify the environmental problems of the seas and also provide solutions from them citing cases of pollution, the contribution of each government and The amount of responsibility of that government is specific. In the current research, due to the critical nature of the topics, the theoretical framework of problem-solving, which originates from critical theory, was used. Also, the research method is descriptive and analytical using library tools.

The aim of this research is to measure the quality of environmental health of recreational and natural sports swimming pools with a risk management approach in Gilan Province. The study was descriptive - cross-sectional, and three selected sites were sampled. Microbial parameters, temperature and PH were measured. Microbial tests were carried out according to national standards in the laboratory. It was used to analyze data from standard tables related to pollutants and compare them to existing data. SPSS software was used to analyze data from experiments. Two William fine quantitative methods and the risk assessment table technique were used to assess risk. The results showed that the burden of microbial contamination in the Anzali swamp was higher than other sites. In other words, the most polluted sites in Gilan Province were the Anzali wetland, the Kiasar wetland and, at the end, the eyeglass wetland, respectively. Also, the average number of total cliform and cliform, respectively 375 and 109 MPN in 100 ml of samples, and Enterococcus of the rivers 7/17 CFU in 100 ml of samples were observed. The average pH was 89/7, which is within the standard range. On the other hand, the average water temperature measured in these natural swimming pools is 4/25 degrees Celsius, which is within the standard range. It was found that the type of risk "outstanding", the level of aspect "ultimate" and the control required were "appropriate control action and the necessity of corrective action".

Citizenship rights constitute a universal and comprehensive concept encompassing political, economic, social, cultural, and civil dimensions, and they extend to all age and gender groups. Children, as an essential segment of society, also possess specific rights, which are recognized in international instruments, most notably the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In this regard, certain aspects of children’s rights in Islam may be understood in terms of citizenship rights. The primary objective of this study is to examine the components of children’s citizenship rights within the conduct ( sīra ) of Imam al-Rida. The central question is: What are the manifestations and components of children’s citizenship rights in the Imam al-Rida’s conduct? This investigation demonstrates that children’s rights—including health (through principles of nutrition, personal hygiene, and family hygiene), the provision of tranquility and comfort in the home, religiosity and emphasis on spiritual and religious dimensions in child-rearing, rational education and training of children, and affectionate and compassionate treatment—are all evident in the practical conduct and hadiths narrated from Imam al-Rida. The Radawi tradition’s emphasis on children’s specific rights may be regarded as a model for Islamic approaches to citizenship rights, which can also be articulated within binding legal instruments.