Stakeholders

Washback refers to the effect of testing on teaching and learning. The university entrance exam for Iranian MA candidates of Teaching English as a Foreign Language (hereinafter TEFL MA UEE) is a nationwide high-stakes test administered every year, and significant decisions will be made based on the examinees’ performance on this exam; therefore, it is prone to bring about degrees of washback at the micro and macro levels. This study was an attempt to examine the washback effect of TEFL MA UEE on Iranian lecturers’ classroom activities. Therefore, a mixed-method approach was used to collect, analyze, and integrate both quantitative and qualitative data in order to obtain a better grasp of the research topic and to enhance validity and reliability of the information. Based on a sequential design, two phases of data collection were conducted with a two-week interval. In the first phase, a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire was administered to a sample of 16 Iranian university lecturers. In the second phase, five lecturers agreed to be interviewed. For this purpose, an interview protocol was developed and it was checked for the validity and reliability. The findings showed that TEFL MA UEE did not induce a high level of washback on the lecturers’ classroom activities and their teaching methodology. The findings could have practical implications for TEFL MA UEE constructors and policymakers in Iran and could also be of use to the researchers in the field of washback studies by providing some guidelines for this complicated phenomenon.

Teacher training programs in Iran have undergone extensive investigations and modifications since the establishment of educational institutions. This interest in teacher education has emerged from the innovative approaches to teaching suggested by the trends and findings of the time. Regarding the importance of curriculum evaluation in the EFL teacher education, this study mainly focused on the adequacy and effectiveness of the latest EFL pre-service teacher education curriculum through the eyes of the key stakeholders. Both quantitative and qualitative data were used in the study. The participants of the study were 227 teachers, teacher educators, and senior student teachers. The data were gathered through a 35-item Likert scale questionnaire on the curriculum courses with stated objectives for each course and semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that the latest curriculum was adequately laid out and positively evaluated by the participants in terms of pedagogic and linguistic competence although there were some shortcomings and slight differences in the participants' perceptions. There were some slight perceptual differences among the participants. The findings of this study may provide some helpful suggestions for promoting the latest EFL pre-service teacher education curriculum.

Purpose- Protected areas (PA) are effectively managed places dedicated to the long-term conservation of biodiversity and natural values ​​with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Forest and rengland ecosystems of national park provide a wide range of environmental, economic, and social services to human communities, with a variety of stakeholders. One of the beneficiaries of forest ecosystem services is the rural communities on the edge of forests. The proper and appropriate use of natural resources plays an important role in empowering local communities and affects their socio-economic status. Design/methodology/approach- In this research, forest and rangeland ecosystem of the Kiasar National Park (KNP) was selected in Iran for assessing the social and economic natural ecosystems services to rural communities. For achieving the research goal, the Delphi questionnaire inclouding a set of indicators for natural ecosystems assessing extracted from various sources is used to identify the indicators of economic, and social services, Entropy and TOPSIS techniques to calculate their weight and prioritize, respectively. Also, GIS has been used to map the economic and social services of the natural ecosystems of KNP. In this study, 36 specialists in the field of national parks answered the Delphi questionnaire. Findings- In this research exteracted 38 indicators including 20 social indicators and 18 economic indicators that among them, 7 economic indicators and 11 social indicators accepted and customized to assess the social and economical services of natural ecosystems. Then preparation capability map (Potential map) in four classes based on their weight and priority overplayed. The results indicated that recreational value, and interests and contributions from to rural communities protect and develop the park indicators had the highest priority in assessing the economic and social services of natural ecosystems. The KNP capability map showed that 1810.50 and 34.30 ha of the park is located in the very suitable class from an economic and social perspectives for utilization rural communities of services natural ecosystems park respectively.