مطالب

Introduction: Of particular global concern is the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. All Persian versions of COVID-19 measures assess the intrapsychic aspects of it, and there is a crucial need to measure the intergroup aspects of this pandemic. Aim: The current study aims to validate the Persian version of COVID-19 attitudes and behaviors in the Iranian sample. Method: The participants included 250 people from all over Iran in cyberspace who were selected availability (177 men and 73 women). They voluntarily participated in the study by filling out questionnaires that were made available through Google Forms and then disseminated online. Results: The ACAB scale had satisfactory reliability and validity according to content, face, and construct validity tests except for the first subscale (social distancing adjustment). Consequently, confirmatory factor analysis supported the ACAB with 12-item and three subscales. Therefore, three subscales remained, including self-prioritization, prosocial behaviors, and belief in conspiracies, and social distancing adjustment was eliminated because the factor loading values of its items were less than 0.4. Conclusion: Results indicated that the ACAB is a reliable and helpful tool in research, especially for governmental surveys to understand why people do not cooperate in vaccination or prosocial behaviors.

Aim: Man is a social being who needs to communicate with others. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the challenges of verbal skills among high school students in Yazd. Method: The research approach was "qualitative" and the method was "Grounded theory". The target group in the study included the teachers of Persian language, literature, psychology and educational sciences in Yazd who were selected by theoretical sampling. The research instrument was "semi-structured in-depth interview". Theoretical saturation was obtained and the interviews were conducted on up to 12 cases. Data were analyzed by coding and categorization in three levels of open, axial and selective coding. Results: The results showed that "Core Category" included verbal skills. "Causal conditions" included practice and activity, enrichment of the environment and psychological characteristics of the students. "Strategies" included effective communication and prevention of misunderstandings, social activities. "Environmental conditions" included socio-cultural, economic, planning and policy and technology environment, and "context" including facilities, incentives, dialect. Consequences included personal and academic success, social success, and student career success. Discussion: The results indicated that practice and activity, enrichment of the environment and psychological characteristics of the students causes verbal skills. In the face of these conditions students will have more effective communication and social activities and less misunderstandings. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we can expect consequences such as personal, academic, social and career success by overcoming the challenges of verbal skills.

 Objective: Irritable bowel syndrome is a chronic psychosomatic disease. Stressful events play a critical role in this disease, and lifestyle modification is one of the treatment priorities for these patients. The present study aimed to examine the role of health-enhancing lifestyles among stressful life events and salutogenic health indicators in these patients. Method: Data analysis was done by structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all patients with irritable bowel syndrome referred to Imam Sajjad Hospital in Tehran in 2019 and 2020. The statistical sample was 229 patients selected through Purposive sampling and diagnosed by a psychiatrist based on ROME-IV criteria. Research tools included the Bringsen Salutogenic Health Indicators Scale, Sarason Life Events Inventory, and Walker HealthPromoting Lifestyle Profile-II. Data analysis was done by SPSS-20 and LISREL-8 software. Ethical considerations based on confidentiality, respect for the rights of individuals, human dignity, and avoiding harming the participants and distorting information were observed. Also Participants had full authority to withdraw from the study at any time. Results: The relationship between lifestyle (t=2.723, ß=0.17) and stressful events (t=-2.31, ß=-0.42) with salutogenic health indicators was significant. The mediating role of lifestyle between life events and salutogenic health indicators was meaningful at P<005 and a standard coefficient (0.0-13.11). Conclusion: It seems that lifestyle and control over stressful events affect the health indicators of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Therefore, it is suggested to provide appropriate training programs to control and manage stressful events and provide strategies to modify lifestyle to improve health. 

The concept of social presence is defined as the ability of learners to identify the learning community, have a sense of belonging to the community and communicate purposefully in a learning community. The reason for emphasizing the social presence of online learning is that online and virtual learning experts believe that social constructivism is an important factor in promoting interpersonal communication and the quality of learning. Given the importance of social presence as an influential variable in the process of virtual education, it is necessary to pay more attention to this issue and its predictors. In this regard, the present study aimed to provide a causal model for predicting social presence based on cognitive presence mediated by the online learning atmosphere. Participants included 265 students of online courses of Payame Noor universities in North Khorasan province in the academic year of 2009-2010 who were selected by cluster random sampling method. In order to measure the research variables, questionnaires of cognitive presence, social presence and online learning atmosphere were used. Amos software and path analysis method were used to evaluate the proposed model. The results showed that, 1-According to the above findings, the proposed model in the RMSEA index (root mean square of estimation errors) does not fit well, so the model was modified by correlating latent variable errors and The results showed that the final model has a good fit; 2-Cognitive presence has a direct, positive and significant relationship with social presence (P≤0.05 and β=0.62); There is a direct, positive and significant relationship between cognitive presence and online learning (P≤0.05 and β= 0.14) and also a direct relationship between online learning atmosphere and social presence is positive and significant (P≤0.05 and β=0.32); 3-In the indirect way, with the presence of mediator variables, the relationship between cognitive presence and social presence was still significant and the online learning atmosphere absorbs part of the effect of cognitive presence on social presence and mediates this relationship in part .

The purpose of this research was to explain critical thinking in electronic education. The qualitative research aimed at analyzing the importance of critical thinking skills in improving students' virtual education learning with a descriptive-interpretive approach sought answers to the following 2 questions: 1- How do students describe their learning experiences with critical thinking in virtual education? 2- What changes has the critical thinking skill made in learning the virtual education of students? The data collection tool was an open-ended interview, with 12 of the 98 incoming student teachers, with targeted sampling and the research location of the Faculty of Teacher Education, Farhangian University of Ardabil, who had studied with virtual education. Analysis of the findings after implementing the experiences and interviews of the students and the components obtained from the open and central and selective coding with 6 components (self-knowledge - spirituality - media literacy - receptivity to criticism and criticism - pluralism - cognition and metacognition) It led to the conclusion of the following 3 themes according to the elements of the national curriculum and the goals of education as follows: 1- Communication with oneself 2- Communication with God 3- Communication with creation It could be used in educational systems and the positive and negative consequences in learning and education in order to be successful in learning, and it is necessary that the virtual learner is not limited to education, but must be a critical thinker or acquire educational skills and abilities during his education.

Objective: To investigate the effect of family therapy education in promoting mental health and reducing depression in adolescents with high-risk behaviors. Methods:  The present study was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. It included all teenage girls in the second year of high school with high-risk behaviors in Ardabil province. In this study, 30 eligible patients were selected and invited purposefully. The researchers randomly divided the participants into two family therapy training groups (15 people) and a control group (15 people). The experimental group was taught the methods and techniques of family therapy education strategies for eight 90-minute sessions. In contrast, during this period, the control group received no psychological training on the mental health and resilience scale. The data were compared using multivariate and univariate analysis of variance. All statistical analyses were performed in SPSS software version 26. Results:  Compared to the control group, the experimental group was able to reduce the depression score and increase the mental health score at the level of P<0.001 with the intervention of family therapy training. The most significant effect size (η=0.543) is related to mental health, which shows that 54% of the variance of the mental health variable between the experimental and control groups is due to the independent variable (family therapy training). Conclusion: The results showed that family therapy training increases mental health and reduces depression in adolescents with high-risk behaviors. Therefore, family therapy training is recommended for adolescents with high-risk behaviors to increase mental health, reduce depression and improve their quality of life.

Objective: The level of marital satisfaction of couples, along with other factors, can play a key role in their tendency towards divorce, so it is necessary to perform psychological interventions to increase marital satisfaction and prevent divorce. Based on this, the present research was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the marital life enrichment program based on the enrich model and the time model on marital satisfaction in couples applying for divorce. Methods: The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test and post-test with a control group and a 3-month follow-up. The statistical population included couples applying for divorce who came from the Modares Family Counseling Center in the first six months of 2022 in Tehran city. 45 couples were selected by the purposeful sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental groups and one control group (15 couples in each group). The measurement tool included Enriching and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communicating and Happiness by Fowers and Olson, 2000. For data analysis, mixed variance analysis with repeated measurements and Bonferroni follow-up test were used in SPSS-25 software. Results: The findings showed that the intervention based on the Enrich and Time model was effective in increasing couples' marital satisfaction, but this influence was not lasting. In addition, the results show no significant difference between the characteristics of Enrich and Time models on the marital satisfaction of couples. Conclusion: According to the research results, it is suggested that couples and family counselors and psychologists use Enrich and Time to increase the satisfaction of couples with differences.

 Objective: This study investigated the effect of cognitive restructuring in reducing cognitive dimensions of ethnic intolerance among adolescents in Taraba State.Methods: The population of this study was 1,514 secondary school students of SS1 in Wukari Education Zone, Taraba State, Nigeria. The researchers utilized purposive sampling technique in drawing a sample of 20 adolescents which were used as subjects of the study. The instrument used for data collection was the Ethnic Intolerance Questionnaire with a reliability index of 0.83. The data collected were analyzed using paired samples t-test to test hypothesis 1 and independent samples t-test for testing hypothesis 2.Results: The findings revealed that cognitive restructuring was effective in reducing cognitive dimensions of ethnic intolerance. Similarly, the findings revealed that rational emotive behaviour therapy has no significant gender difference in reducing cognitive dimensions of ethnic intolerance.Conclusion: The study concluded that cognitive restructuring is an effective intervention for reducing cognitive dimensions of ethnic intolerance among adolescents.